EVIDENCE -1
THE EVIDENCE ACT
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
1. Short title.
PART I. Competency of Witnesses
2. Remoral of incapacity to tst i ty from crime or mteresr
3. Parties to record may bc Cxamined 88 witnesses.
4. Husbands' and wives' evidcnce against each other.
5. Bvidwx of wxess.
6. Not compellable to disclose communication ma& duriog
marriass.
7. In action for breach of promise of mania&. how far par t k
competeat to give evidence.
8. [Repealed by Act I2 of 1995.1
E x c t p t i w S .
A d Permm' competency to give evidence
9. Accused persons and their wives competent witntsses.
10. Where accused himself is bin only mines.
11. Right of nply d o a not accrue to prosecution beeause accused
12. Wha wife or husband of accused may be called as witness for
13. Scctiws 9 to 12 apply to all criminal proaCai.
14. Scctiom 9 to 12 apply to conrts-martiel if 110 providea.
has given evidence.
pmsecution.
.
Impeaching Credit, Cross-examination of Witness
IS. Impeaching &it of witness when and how allowed to bc donc
bYpartyproducing~.
2 EVIDENCE
16. How and when wiritness’ evidence on aoss-wraminStion may be
17. Cmsszxamination as to statements reduced to writing.
18. Questions whether witness has becn convicted of felony 01 mis-
contradicted.
demeanour allowablt.
Proof of Written Imtrurnent and Cornpmison of Handwriting
19. Proof of insllmncats in writing.
U). Gmlparison o f h a n d w r i ~
Application of Sections
21. sbctioas 15 to 20 apply to COW cdcivil and criminal judicature.
Adrnissibilify oj variiw Donuncnts ad Copies
22. 05Cial or public docummts. o t c
23. Judidal n o w w be @km of Sigmhm of Judgta of S m o r
24. Private Laws and Acts and minutes of Lcgislaturt.
25. Aas of state, ctc
26. Rcgistas of hip&
27. Ccrtificatc of amviaion or aOqUittaL
2aEXarmnsd ’ mpies of contents of hooka of public Mturc.
courtr.
29. Power of court to impound d0cumcntr.
P d t y for FoLa Cutitscarc
30. wmy at i fyhg false catificatt.
Power to Administer Oath
31. Power to administCr oath.
PART In Hearsay and Computer-golerald Evidence
316. Admissibw of certain evidence formerly admissible at common
leW.
31a. 1nt-n.
31c. AdmissibiliQ’ of written stste5lat in C i h h d pl’OCdiW.
1
’ --?
EVIDENCE 3
3 1 ~ . Acbnissibiliry of first-hand hearmy staieanents in crimial pro-
318. Admissibility of first-hand hfsrsay statements in civil pnXedngS.
3 1 ~ . Admissibility of business documents in civil or uiminal pro-
3 1 ~ . Admisibility of computer evidence constituting herepay.
318. Admissibility of mputer evidence not constituting heamay.
311. Wi,tnes’ previous .Ftatement to be evidence of facts stated.
311. Admissibility of evidence as to credMi ty of maker of statement.
3 1 ~ . Offence.
31~. Power of Court 10 exclude evidence.
proceedings.
ceedings.
PART II. Brmker’s Books Evidence
32. hterprctation
33. Copies of entries in banker’s books. prima facie evidence.
34. Pmof that book is a banker’s book.
35. Verification of copy.
36. Case in whicb tanker, etc.. mt compellable to produce book.
37. Cburt or Judge may order inspcction, etc.
ja Qats.
ctc.
Pmr m. Telegraphic Messuges Evidence
39. Dehlitiom.
40. Notice of intention to give telegraphic messages in evidence.
41. Effect of such notice towards m a h g such messages prima
fmie evidence.
42 Prima facie evidence of due delivery of a telegraphic message.
43. Power to smd documents, orders. etc., by electric telegraph.
Provisions to bc observed in so doing.
44. Validity. effect and admissibility in evidence of copies of such
doauncnts. etc., so sent.
--___ - -
~inoinsiond(hispageiri&irized bY%~kot
of the proceedings, whether the person so charged is charged vi*nwa.
solely or jointly with any other person:
or husband, as the case may be, of the person so charged, a?dthur -llg
Provided as follows-
(a) A person so charged shall not be called as a wit-
ness in pursuance of this Act, except upon his own
application.
___- me idusion of Ibis page is au8horized by L N. 951 19971
8 EVIDENCE
(b) The failure of any person charged with an offence,
or of the wife or husband, as the case may be, of
the person so charged, to give evidence shall not
be made the subject of any comment by the prose-
cution.
(c) The wife or husband of the person charged shall
not, save as in this Act mentioned, be called as
a witness in pursuance of this Act, except upon
the application of the person so charged.
(4 Nothing in this Act shall make a husband mm-
pellable to disclose any communication made to
him by his wife during the marriage, or a wife
compellable to disclose any communication made
to her by her husband during the mamage.
(e) A person charged and being a witness in pursu-
ance of this Act may be asked any question in
cross-examination notwithstanding that it wodd
tend to criminate him as to the offence charged.
(jj A person charged and called as a witness in pum-
ance of this Act shall not be asked, and if asked,
shall not be required to answer, any question tend-
ing to show that he has committed or been con-
victed or been charged with any offence other
than that wherewith he is then charged, or is of
bad character, unless-
(i) the proof that he has committed or been
convicted of such other offence is admis-
sible evidence to show that he is guilty of
the offence wherewith he is then charged, or
(ii) he has personally or by his advocate asked
questions of the witnesses for the pose~u-
tion with a view to establish his OTKI~ good
character, or has given evidence of his good
character, or the nature or conduct of the
m i m h u i m o f t h i s p a g e i s a h ~ Y L . N . ~ s / I ~ ~ ~ I
EVIDENCE 9
defence is such as to involve imputations on
the character of the prosecutor or the wit-
nesses for the prosecution; or
(3 he has given evidence against any other
person charged with the same offence.
fg) Every person called as a witness in pursuance of
this Act shall, unless otherwise ordered by the
Court, give his evidence from the witness box or
other place from which the other witnesses give
their evidence.
(h) Nothing in this Act shall affect the provisions of
section 36 of the Justices of the Peace Jurisdiction
Act; or any right of the person charged to make
a statement without being sworn.
U. Where the only witness to the facts of the case called
by the defence is the person charged, he shall be called as himsaia
hi8 only a witness immediately after the close of the evidence for rviha(.
the prosecution.
11. In cam where the right of reply depends upon the $$!g-f
question whether evidence has been called for the defence, notaocrw
the fact that the person charged has been called as a witness tim
shall not of itself confer on the prosecution the right of
haa sircl! reply. cvidmce.
12.-(1) The wife or husband of a person charged with $Er
an offeiice under any Act or part of an Act mentioned in ;;k;dof
the First Schedule may be called as a witness either for maybe
the prosecution or defence and without the wIlSent of the $zz&r
to PMSCEU-
proaccu- person charged. tiw.
(2) Nothing in this Act shall affect a case where Zdda
the wife or husband of a person charged with an offence
may at common law be called as a witness without the
msent of that person.
me inolosion &W page is LY L.N 951 19971
10 Ey I D E NC E
sections 9
to 12 apply
to all
criminal
1nm.
pro@-
421 1969
3rd Sch
to courts-
m a d if
m WO.
nded
Imlxacb- ins credit
of wimerr
when and
how
allowed to
be done by
PrtY WO-
ducini
him.
tion may
bc con-
tndictcd.
13. Sections 9 to 12 inclusive shall apply to all criminal
proceedings.
14. Sections 9 to 12 inclusive shall apply to proceedings
(a) as to courts-martial under the United Kingdom
Naval Discipline Act, 29 and 30 Victoria, chapter
109, by general orders made in pursuance of sec-
tion 65 of that Act; and
(b ) as to Courts-martial under the United Kingdoni
Army Act, 44 and 45 Victoria, chapter 58, by rules
made in pursuance of section 70 of that Act.
Impeaching Credit, Cross-examination of Witness
15. A party producing a witness shall not be allowed
to impeach his credit by general evidence of bad character.
but he may, in case the witness shall, in the opinion of the
Judge, prove adverse, contradict him by other evidence,
or by leave of the Judge, prove that he has made at other
times a statement inconsistent with his present testimony;
but before such last-mentioned proof can be given, the cir-
cumstances of the supposed statement, sufficient to desig-
nate the particular occasion, must be mentioned to the
witness, and he must be asked whether or not he has made
such statement.
in courts-martial if so provided-
16. If a witness, upon cross-examination as to a former
statement made by him relative to the subject-matter Of
the cause, and inconsistent with his present testimony, does
not distinctly admit that he has made such statement,
proof may be given that he did in fact make it; but before
such proof can be given, t k circumstances of the supposed
me twlusian of &is page is a&rizsd by L.N. 951 199T1
EVIDENCE
statement, suflicient to designate the particular occasion,
must be mentioned to the witness, and he must be asked
whether or not he has made such statement.
11
17. A witness may be crosscxamined as to previous c--
statements made by him in writing, or reduced into writing, ri%
relative to the subject-matter of the cause, without such mmmt~
rrdqosaw writing being shown to him; but if it is intended to contra- mmg.
dict such witness by the writing, his attention must, before
such contradictory proof can be given, be called to those
parts of the writing which are to be used for the purpost
of 50 contradicting him :
Provided always, that it shall be competent for the Judge
at any time during the trial, to require the production of
the writing for his inspaction, and he may thereupon make
such use of it for the purp~se of the trial as he shall think
fit.
18. A witness in any muse may be questioned as to sw
whether he has been convicted of any felony or misde- wH18ar
meanour, and, upon being so questioned, if he either denies zwE
the fact, or refuses to answer, it shall be lawful for the ofrslmy
opposite party to prove such conviction; and a certificate
fonnal part) of the indictment and Conviction for such
offence, purporting to be signed by the Clerk of the Court
or other officer having the custody of the r w r d s of the
court, where the offender was convicted, or by the deputy
of such Clerk or officer shall, upon proof of the identity
of the person, be sufficient evidence of the said conviction,
without proof of the signature or official character of the
person appearing to have signed the same.
Proof of Written Instrument and Cornpison of
Handwriting
or rnindc-
containing the substance and effect only (omitting the allowable
19. It shall not be necessary to prove by the attesting Proofof
witness any instrument to the validity of which attesta- in- lUStIl!I?CUtS
[The inrlusion of ifus page is a 6 r i z a i by L N. 95119971
I2 EVIDENCE
tion is not requisite; and such instrument may be proved
by admission or otherwise, as if there had been no attesting
witness thereto.
28. Comparison of a disputed writing with any Writing
proved to the satisfaction of the Judge to be genuine shall
be permitted to be made by witnesses; and such writings,
and the evidence of witnesses respecting the same, may bo
submitted to the court and jury as evidence of the genuine-
ness, or otherwise, of the writing in dispute.
Application of Sections
21. The provisions of sections 15 to 20 both inclusive,
shall apply to every court of civil and criminal judicature,
and in a l l legal proceedings, civil and criminal.
Admissibiliiy of various Documents and Copies
22. Whenever by any enactment now in force or hereafter
to be in force any certificate, official or public document or
documents, or proceeding of any corporation, or joint stock
OT other company, or any certified copy of any document,
by-law, entry in any register or other book, or of my other
proceeding, shall be receivable in evidence of any parti-
cular in any court of justice, or before any legal tribunal,
or the Senate or House of Representatives of this Island, or
any Committee of the Senate or House of Representatives
or in any judicial proceeding, the same shall respectively
be admitted in evidence provided they respectively purport
to be sealed or impressed with a stamp, or sealed and
signed, or signed alone, as required, or impresd with a
stamp and signed, as directed by the respective enactments
made or to be hereafter made, without any proof of the seal
or stamp where a seal or stamp is necessary, or of the signa-
ture, or of the official character of the person appearing to
have signed the same, and without any further proof there-
minduriw Opthis page is a-rized by L N. 95/19971
Compari-
sun of
hmd-
writing.
EVIDENCE
of, in every case in which the original record could have
been received in evidence.
13
23. All courts, Judges, Justices, the Registrar of the 1udja.l
Supreme Court, Taxing officers of courts, Commissioners betakenof
judicially acting, and other Judicial Officers, shall hence- ofindpm
forth take judicial notice of the signature of any of Her $pcrior
Majesty’s Judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature in
England, and of the Judges of the Supreme Court in this
Island, provided such signature be attached or appended
to any decree, order, certificate, or other judicial or of6cid
document.
nobcc to
signature
r-
corn. .
24. AII copies of private Acts of the United Kingdom ~ i v a t s
parliament, if purportbg to be printed by the Queen’s Actrand
Printer, and all copies of private Laws and Acts of the L+~LWC.
Legislature of this Island, if purporting to be printed by the
Government Printing Office or Government Printer and all
copies of the Minutes of the Senate or House of Represent-
atives of this Island, and of Royal Proclamations, purporting
to be printed by the Printers to the Crown, or by the
Government Printing office or Government Printer respect-
ively, or by any or either of them, shall be admitted as
evidence thereof by all courts, Judges, Justices, and others,
without any proof being given that such copies were so
h W I 8lLd
minutes of
printed.
25. AU proclamations, treaties, and other Acts of State A C ~ S O ~
stnto, Otc. of any Foreign State, or Commonwealth country, and all
judgments, decrees, orders and judicial proceedings of any
court of justice in any Foreign State, or in any Common-
wealth country, and all affidavits, pleadings, and other
indwica of this page is sulhorizcd by L.N. 95 119871
14 EVlDENCE
legal documents filed or deposited in any such court, may
be proved in any court of justice, or before any person
having by law, or by consent of parties, authority to hear,
receive and examine evidence, either by examined copies,
or by copies authenticated as hereinafter mentioned; that is
to say, if the document sought to be proved be a proclama-
tion, treaty, or orher Act of State the authenticated copy
to be +xlmissible in evidence, must purport to be sealed
with the seal of the Foreign State, or Commonwealth
country to which the original document belongs; and if
the docament sought to be proved be a judgment, decree,
order, or other judicial proceeding of any Foreign, or
Commonwealth court, or an allidavit, pleading, or other
legal document filed or deposited in any such court, the
authenticated copy, to be admissible in evidence, must
purport either to be sealed with the seal of the Fmign, or
Commonwealth court to which the original document be-
longs, or, in the event of such court having no seal, to be
signed by the Judge; or if there be more than one Judge,
by any one of the Judges of the said court; and such Judge
shall attach to his signature a statement in writing on the
said copy that the court whereof he is a Judge has no seal;
but if any of the aforesaid authenticated copies shall pur-
port to be sealed or signed as hereinbefore respectively
directed, the same shall respectively be admitted in evidence
in every case in which the original document could have
been received in evidence, without any proof of the seal
where a seal is necessary, or of the signature, or of the
truth of the statement attached thereto, where such signa-
ture and statement are necessary, or of the judicial charac-
ter of the person appearing to have made such @nature
and statement.
EVIDENCE U
26. Every register of a vessel kept under any of the Acts Resiltar
of atlip. relating to the registry of British vessels may be proved in
any court of justice, or before any person having by law
or by consent of parties authority to hear, receive, and
examine evidence, either by the production of the original.
or by any examined copy thereof, or by a copy thereof pur-
porting to be certified under the hand of the person having
the charge of the original, and which person is hereby
required to furnish such certified copy to any person apply-
ing at a reasonable time for the same, upon payment of the
sum of ten cents; and every such register, or such copy
of a register, and also every certificate of registry granted
under any of the Acts relating to the registry of British
vessels, and purporting to be signed as required by law,
shall be received in evidence in any court of justice, or
before any person having by law, or by consent of parties,
authority to hear, receive, and examine evidence, as prima
jacie proof of all the matters contained or recited in such
register, when the register or such copy thereof as afore-
said is produced, and of all the matters contained or recited
in or endorsed on such certificate of registry, when the said
certificate is produced.
c
7
J
i
27. Whenever, in any proceeding whatever, it may be csrtlllsto
OiDmVb necessary to prove the trial and conviction or acquittal of tionm
any person charged with any indictable offence, it shall not @W.
be necessary to produce the record of the convictkm or
acquittal of such person, or a copy thereof, but it shall be
suiEcient that it be certified, or purport to be certified under
the hand of the Clerk of the Court, or other oficer having
the custody of the records of the court where such convic-
tion or acquittal took place, or by the Deputy of such Clerk
or other officer, that the paper produced is a copy of the
record of the indictment, trial, conviction, and judgment
or acquittal, as the case may be, omitting the formal parts
thereof.
me idusion of this pge is authorized by LN. 480119731
16
Examined
oopiw of
contcnts ox
boob of
public
nature.
Powr of
court to
impound
documents.
Wilfully
Fcrtiryins
false
certificats.
Power to
ldministcr
Oath.
EVIDENCE
28. Whenever any book or other document is of such a
public nature as to be admissible in evidence on its mere
production from the proper custody, and no statute exists
which renders its contents provable by means of a copy,
any copy thereof or extract therefrom shall be admissible
in evidence in any court of justice, or before any person
now or hereafter having, by law or by consent of parties
authority to hear, receive, and examine evidence :
Provided it be proved to be an examined copy or extract,
or provided it purport to be signed and certified as a true
copy or extract by the officer to whose custody the o r i a a l
is entrusted; and which officer is hereby required to furnish
such certified copy or extract to any person applying at a
reasonable time for the same, upon payment of a reason-
able sum for the same, not exceding five cents for
folio of ninety words.
29. Where any document has been admitted in evidence
before any court and such court is of the opinion that, in
relation to that document, an offence has been committed,
the court may impound such document and make such
order in relation to it as the court may think fit.
Penalty for False Certificate
30. If any officer authorized or required by this Act
to furnish any certified copies or extract, shall wilfully
certify any document as being a true copy or extract, know-
ing that the same is not a true copy or extract, as the case
may be, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and be liable,
upon conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exQeeding
eightem months.
Power to Administer Oaths
31. Every court, Judge, Justice, Officer, Commissioner,
Arbitrator, or other person now or hereafter having by law
or by consent of parties authority to hear, receive, and
me inclusion of this page is authorized by L.N. 480119731
7
i
-1
J
EVIDENCE 17
.
examine evidence, is hereby empowered to administer an
oath to all such witnesses as are legally called before them
respectively.
PART I k Hearsay and Computer-generated Evidence 1211995 ,.
A M - 31A. In any proceedings a statement which, before the w-d
30th day of March, 1995, would by virtue of any rule of
law, have been admissible in evidence of any fact stated fs&
therein, shall continue to be admissible as evidence of that at mm-
fact by virtue of this section. moll Lu.
LomH4-
1211995
31B. In this Part- utbn.
“document” includes, in addition to a document in s.3.
(a) any map, plan, graph or drawing;
(b) any photograph;
(c) any disc, tape, sound track or other de-
vice in which sounds or other data (not
being visual images) are embodied so as
to be capable (with or without the aid
of some other equipment) of being re-
produced therefrom;
(d) any film (including microfilm), negative,
tape or other device in which one or
more visual images are embodied so as
to be capaMe (with or without the aid of
some other equipment) of being repro-
duced therefrom.
writing-
Mmld. 31C.-(1) Subect to this section, in any criminal pro- ailiryd
ceedings, a written statement by a person shall, if the con- p-
ditions specified in subsection (2) are satisfied, be &is- in-
sible in evidence to the same extent and effect as direct oral 12/1995
evidence by that person. s. 3.
~ e i n d u s i m o f t h i s p a g e i s a ~ r i a d i b y L.N 95119971
18 EVIDENCE
(2 ) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are
(a) the statement purports to be signed by the per-
son who made it;
(b) a copy of the statement and a notice of intention
to tender the statement in evidence are served on
all other parties to the proceedings by or on behalf
of the person seeking to tender the statement in
evidence, at least twenty-one days before the hear-
ing at which the statement is to be so tendered;
(d none of the other parties to the proceedings or their
attorneys-at-law have, within ten days from the
service of the copy of the statement, served a
counter-notice on the party seeking so to tender
it, objecting to the statement being tendered in
evidence and requiring the attendance of the
maker of the statement as a witness at the hearing;
(d) notice of the intention to tender the statement in
evidence is accompanied by a declaration by the
person who made it to the effect that it is true
to the best of his knowledge and belief and that
he made it knowing that, if it were tendered in
evidence, he would be liable to prosecution if he
wilfully stated in it anything which he knew to be
false or did not believe to be true.
(3) Paragraphs (b) and (c) of subsection (2) shall
not apply if the parties to the proceedings agree before or
during the hearing that the statement be tendered in evidence.
(4) A statement shall be inadmissible in evidence
under this section in any criminal proceedings where a party
to the proceedings has served a counter-notice objeding to
the statement being tendered in evidence and requiring the
person who made the statement to attend the hearing as a
that-
EVIDENCE 18.01
(5 ) Notwithstanding that a written statement made
by any person may be admissible by virtue of subsection
(2), the court may; on its own motion or on application by
any party to the proceedings, require that the maker of the
statement attend and give oral evidence at the hearing.
(6) Notwithstanding the failure of any party to the
proceedings to serve a counter-notice objecting to the ad-
missibility of the statement, the court may, if it thinks fit,
permit that party to lead evidence contradicting the evidence
contained in the written statement.
(7) Where contradicting evidence is given as men-
tioned in subsection (6), the party who tendered the written
statement may lead additional evidence in response to the
contradicting evidence.
31D. Subject to section 31G, a statement made by a per- AM-
son in a document shall be admissible in criminal proceed- ~ t &
ings as evidence of any fact of which direct oral evidence sBtmcnts
by him would be admissible if it is proved to the satisfaction $E5$w.
bUi d
hersay
of the court that such person- lt i1995
s. 3.
(U) is dead,
(b) is unfit, by reason of his bodily or mental condi-
tion, to attend as a witness;
(d is outside of Jamaica and it is not reasonably practi-
cable to secure his attendance;
(4 cannot be found after all reasonable steps have
been taken to fmd him; or
(d is kept away from the proceedjngs by threats of
bodily harm and no reasonable steps can be taken
to protect the person.
P k incyudaa d t h i a w e iaau5orizsdW LW. 96119971
18.02 EVIDENCE
31E.-(l) Subject to section 31G, in any civil proceedings,
a statement made, whether orally or in a document or
otherwise, by any person (whether called as a witness in
those proceedings or not) shall subject to this section, be
admissible as evidence of any facts stated therein of which
direct oral evidence by him would be admissible.
(2) Subject to subsection (6), the party intending
to tender such statement in evidence shall, at least twenty-
one days before the hearing at which the statement is to be
tendered, notify every other party to the proceedings as to
the statement to be tendered, and as to the person who
made the statement.
(3) Subject to subsection (4), every party so noti-
fied shall have the right to require that the person who made
the statement be called as a witness.
(4) The party intending to tender the statement
in evidence shall not be obliged to dl, as a witness, the per-
son who made the statement if it is proved to the satisfaction
of the court that such pmon-
(U) is dead;
(b) is unfit, by reason of his bodily or mental condition,
to attend as a witness;
(c) is outside of Jamaica and it is not reasonably
practicable to secure his attendance;
(6) cannot be found after all reasonable steps have
been taken to find him; or
(e) is kept away from the proceedings by threats of
bodilyllann.
(5 ) where in any civil proceedings a statement
which was made otherwise than in a document is admis-
&le by virtue of this section, no evidence other than direct
oral evidence by the person who made the statement Or m y
minolusionofthispageiaaulborizod bYL.N.95119p71
.-
EVZDENCE
person who heard or otherwise perceived it being made shall
be admissible for the purpcwe of proving it.
(6) The court may, where it thinks appropriate
having regard to the circumstances of any particular case,
dispense with the requirements for notification as specified
in subsection (2).
(7) Where the party intending to tender a stab
ment in evidence has called, as a witness in the proceedings,
the perm who made the statement, the statement shall be
admissible only with the leave of the oourt.
18.03
31F.-(l) Subject to section 31G, a statement in a docu- M-
*d ment shall be admissible as evidence of any fact stated k d ~ l r
thenin of which direct oral evidence would be admissible h~
if in relation to-
m b
OrahdQd
pmcssdbp
12/1!395
(U) criminal procesdings, the conditions spedied in- s.3.
(i) subsaotion (2); and
(ii) subsection (3),
are satisfied;
(b) civil proceedings, the Conditions specified in-
(i) subsection (2); and
(ii) subsection (4),
are satisfied.
(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) (a)
and (6) (i) are that-
(a) the document was created or received by a person
in the course of a trade, business, profession or
other occupation or as the holder of an offim,
whether paid or unpaid;
(b) the information contained in the document was
supplied (whether directly or indirectly) by a per-
son, whether or not the maker of the statement,
Wuaion of Dbia page h aothorhd by L.N. 3/zoOl]
18.M BYIOBNCE
who had or may reasonably be supposed to have
had, personal knowledge of the matters dealt with
in the statement;
(cl each person through whom the information was
supplied received it in the course of a trade,
business profession or other occupation or as ihe
holder of an office, whether paid or unpaid.
(3) The condition referred to in subsection (1) (a)
(G) is that it be proved to the satisfaction of the court that
the person who supplied the informaton contained in the
statement in the dmment-
.
(a) isdead;
(b) is unfit, by reason of his bodily or mental condition,
to attend as a witness;
(c) is outside of Jamaica and it is not reasonably prao
ticable to secure his attendance,
Id) cannot be found or identified after all reasonable
steps have been taken to find or to identify him;
(e) is kept away from the proceedings by threats of
bodily harm and no reasonable s tep can be taken
to protect the person; or
V, cannot reasonably be expected, having regard to
the time which has elapsed since he supplied the
information and to all the circumstances, to have
any recollection of the matters dealt with in the
statement.
estimating the weight, if any, to be attached
to a statement admissible in criminal proceedings as evidence
by virtue of this section, regard shall be had to all the cir-
cumstances from which any inference can reasonably be
d r a m BS to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement, and,
in p a ~ d a r , to the question whether or not the Person
who supplied the information recorded in the statement did
(3.4)
me inclusion of page is autborSd by L N. 31u1011
EVIDENCE 18.05
,f .
so contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence
of the facts stated, and to the question whether or not that
person, or any person concerned with making or keeping
the record containing the statement, had any incentive to
conceal or misrepresent the facts.
(4) Subject to subsections (5) to (81, the condition
referred to in subsection (1) (b) (ii) is that the party intend-
ing to tender the statement in evidence shall, at least twenty-
one days before the hearing at which the statement is to be
so tendered, notify every other party to the proceedings as
to the statement and as to the person who made the state-
ment.
(5 ) Subject to subsection (6), every party so noti-
6 4 shall have the right to require that the person who made
the statement be called as a witness.
(6) The party intending to tender the statement in
evidence shall not be obliged to call, as a Witness, the person
who made it if it is proved to the satisfaction of the court
that such person-
(a) is dead;
(b) is unfit, by reason of his bodily or mental condition,
to attend as a Witness;
(c) is outside of Jamaica and it is not reasonably
practicable to secure his attendance;
(d) cannot be found or identified after all reasonable
steps have been taken to find or identify him;
(4 is kept away from the proceedings by threats of
(7) The Court may, where it thinks appropriate
having regard to the circumstances of any particular case,
dispense with the requirements for notification as specified
in subsection (4).
bodily harm.
fI6.a idusion of thiswge is authorized by L.N. 951 10971
18.06 EVIDENCE
(8) Where the person who made the statement is
called as a witness, the statement shall be admissible only
with the leave of the court.
A&&i- bilihld 31G. A statement contained in a document produced by a
WDW= computer which constitutes hearsay shall not be admissible
% in any proceedings as evidence of any fact stated therein
%& unless-
s. 3.
(a) at at1 material times-
(i) the computer was operating properly;
(ii) the computer was not subject to any mal-
f motion;
(iii) there was no alterations to its naechanism
or processes that might reasonably be ex-
pected to have affected the validity or
accuracy of the ~ o ~ c e n t s of the d-t;
(i) the accuracy or validity of the document has
been adversely affected by the use of any
improper prmss or procedure or by inade-
quate safeguards in the use of the computer;
(ii) there was any error in the preparation of
the data from which the document was
produd ,
(b) there is no reasonable cause to believe that-
(c) the computer was properly programmed;
(d) where two or more computers were involved in
the production of the document or in the recording
d the data from which the document was denved-
(i) &he conditions speded in paragraphs (a) to
(c) are satisfied in relation to each of the
computers so used; and
(ii) it is established by or on behalf of thc person
tendering the document in evidence that the
me idusion ofthis- ia eulBorizcd by L.N.9511997I
-.
EVlDENCE 18.07
use of more than one computer did not in-
troduce any factor that might reasonably be
expectad to have had any adverse effect on
the validity or accuracy of the document.
31H. Whele a statement contained in a document pro- %E$
d u d by a computer does not constitute hearsay, such a canputcr
statement shall be admissible if the conditions specified in
section 31G are satisfied in relation to that document.
evidmcs
s t i ~ l m g w.
12/1995 s. 3.
Witnm*
P=+=.lu
(a) a previous inconsistent or contradictory state- 2E-t
311.-(1) Where in any civil proceedings-
ment made by a person called as a witness in those
proceedings is proved by virtue of sections 15 to 12/1995
17; or
(b) a previous statement made by a person called as
aforesaid is proved for the purpose of rebuttjng a
suggestion that his evidence has been fabricated,
that statement shall, by virtue of this subsection, be admis-
sible in evidence of any fact stated therein of which direct
oral evidence by him would be admissible.
s. 3.
(2) Nothing in this section shall affect any rule of
law relating to the circumstances in which, where a person
&ad 88 a witness in any civil proceedings is cross-examined
a document used by him to refresh his memory, that
document may be made evidence in those proceedings; and
where a document or any part of a document is received in
evidence in any such proceedings by virtue of any such rule
of law, any statement made in that document or part by the
person using the document to refresh his memory shall, by
virtue of this subsection, be admissible as evidence of any
fact stated therein of which direct oral evidence by him
would be admissible.
~ e i n c ~ u i o o o f t t i s p a g e i s a ~ r i z c d ~ ~ L N . Y s / I ~ P ~ ~
18.08 EVlDENCE
AdIYiSi- 3lJ.-(l) Where in any proceedings a statement made by
biliw d
evidenceas a person who is not called as a witness in those proceedings sz:w is given in evidence pursuant to section 31D, 31E, 31F or
dsatsmctYt. 3 1 ~
12/ 1995
s 3. (a) any evidence which, if that person had been so
called would have been admissible as relevant to
his credibility as a witness, shall be admissible in
the proceedings for that purpose;
(b) evidence may, with the leave of the court, be given
of any matter which, if that person had been called
as a witness, could have been put to him in cross-
examination as relevant to his credibility as a
witness but of which evidence could not have been
adduced by the party cross-examining him;
(c) evidence tending to prove that, whether before or
after he made the statement, that person made
(whether orally or in a document or otherwise)
another statement inconsistent therewith, shall be
admissible for the purpose of showing that the
person has contradicted himself.
(2) References in subsection (1) to a person who
made the statement and to his making the statement shall
be construed respectively as including references to the per-
son who supplied the information from which the document
containing the statement was derived and to his supplying
that information.
OEsnOa
17.11995 s. 3.
3lJL If any person in a written statement tendered in
evidence in criminal proceedings by virtue of section 31C
wilfully makes a statement material in those p r d m g s
which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true,
he shall be liable on conviction on indictment to a fine or to
jmprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or to
both such fine and imprisonment.
inolusion of this page is authorized by L N. 951 1997l
EVIDENCE 18.09
,f-
31L. It is hereby declared that in any proceedings the F U W ~
cowtto court may exclude evidence if, in the opinion of the court, ercl“&
the prejudicial effect of that evidence outweighs its proba-
tive value. s. 3.
PART II. Banker’s Books Evidence
32.41) In this Part- IillUQre-
tation.
31/1960 *bank” or “banker” means any bank licensed under the S. D.
Banking Act, the Workers Savings and Loan Bank
constituted under the Workers Savings and Loan Bank
Act and any other Savings Bank established and any-
ing on business within the Island under the provisions
of any law relating to Savings Banks; and the fact that
any such Savings Bank is established and carrying on
business as aforesaid may be proved by the production
of an office or examined copy of the rules or regulations
of that Savings Bank certified under the provisions of
the law under which it is established;
“banker’s books” includes ledgers, day books, cash books,
account books, and aU other books used in the ordinary
business of the bank;
“legal proceeding" means any civil or criminal pro-
or inqm in which evidence is or may be given, and
includes an arbitration;
“the court” means the court, Judge, Arbitrator, persons
or person before whom a legal prooeeding is held or
take&
*a Judge’’ means a Judge of the Supreme Court of Judi-
cature of Jamaica.
(2) The Judge of a Resident Magistrate’s Court may
with respect to any action in such Court exercise the powm
of a Judge under this Part.
________ ph inclusion d this page is authorized by L.N. 951 19971
18.10 EVIDENCE
&pia of
mtrics in
banker’s
bools.
prima fade
cvidenec.
Proof
that
book is a
banker’s
book.
Verificcr
tion of
WPY.
Casc in
W h i c h
banku.
etc., not
compcl-
table LO
KZZG
Court or
Judge may
order
inrpectia
M.2
33. Subject to the provisions of this Part, a copy of any
entry in a banker’s book shall in all legal proceedings be
received as prima #a& evidence of such entry, and of tbe
matters, transactions and accounts therein recorded.
34. A copy of an entry in a banker’s book shall not be
received in evidence under this Part unless it be first proved
that the book was at the time of the making of the entry
one of the ordinary books of the bank, and that the entry
was made in the usual and ordinary coufse of business, and
that the book is in the custody or control of the bank.
Such proof may be given by a partner or officer of the
bank, and may be given orally or by an afEdavit sworn
before any Justice or other person authorized to take
affidavits.
35. A copy of an entry in a banker’s book shall not be
rsceived in evidence under this Part unless it be further
proved that the copy has been examined with the original
entry and is correct.
Such proof shall he given by some person who has
examined the copy with the original entry, and may be
given either orally or by an affidavit sworn before any
Justice or other person authorized to take aBdavits.
36. A banker or officer of a bank shall not, in any legal
p r o d i g to which the bank is not a party, be compellable
to produce any banker’s book the contents of which can be
proved under this Part, or to appear as a witness to prove
the matters, transactions, and accounts therein recorded,
unless by order of a Judge made for special cause.
37. On the application of any party to a legal proceed-
ing a court or Judge may order that such party be at liberty
to inspect and take copies of any entries in a banker’s book
for any of the purposes of such proceedings. An order
___-
~ i o d u s i o n o f t b i s p a g e n ~ ~ r ~ e d b y L N . 9 5 1 1 9 9 1 3
EVlDENCE
under this section may be made either with or without sum-
moning the bank or any other party, and shall be served
on the bank three clear days before the same is to be
obeyed, unless the court or Judge otherwise directs.
under or for the purposes of this Part, and the costs of
anything done or to be done under an order of a court or
Judge made under or for the purposes of this Act shall be
in the discretion of the court or Judge, who may order such
last-mentioned costs or any part thereof to be paid to any
party by the bank, where the same have been occasioned
by any default or delay on the part of the bank in comply-
ing with an order made as aforesaid. Any such order
against a bank may be enforced as if the bank was a
party to the proceeding.
PART III. Telegraphic Messages Evidence
38. The costs of any application to a court or Judge aw~.
19
.-
‘L
39. In this Part- DCliUitiOIIk
“electric telegraph” means any telegraphic line the pro-
perty and under the control of the Government, and
worked by electricity within this Island;
“telegraphic message” means any message or other com-
munication transmitted or intended for transmission
or purporting to have been transmitted by electric
telegraph
“telegraph station” means any station appointed by Govern-
ment for the receipt and transmission of telegraphic
messages;
“person” includes any corporation or corporate body or
any individual.
40. It shall be lawful for any party to any action or suit Notiesof
in any wurt of civil jurisdiction, at any time after the todw
commencement thereof, to give notice to any other party z g $
that he proposes to adduce in evidence, at the trial or hear- &d-
illtmtiW
m e inclusion of thls mge IS authorized by LN. 480/1973]
EVIDENCE
Prima
fade
Cviderrc
of due
delivery
of.
telegraphic
m-m
ing of such action or suit, any telegraphic messages that
before the date of such notice shall have been sent and
received by electric telegraph within this Island:
Provided, that the time between the giving of such notice
and the day on which such evidence shall be tendered shall
not, in any case, be less than two days before the day of
such hearing or trial; and every such notice shall specify
the names of the sender and receiver of such messages, the
subject matter thereof, and their dates as nearly as may
be; and any kch notice may be served, and the servicx
thereof proved, in the same manner as notices to admit and
produce may now be served and proved respectively.
41. In any case in which such notice shall have been
given, the production of any telegraphic message d e s c r i i
in such notice, and purporting to have been sent by any
person, together with evidence that the same was duly
received from a telegraph station, shall be prima facie
evidence that such message was signed and sent by the per-
son so purporting to be the sender thereof to the person to
whom the same shall be addressed, without any further
proof of the identity of the sender; but the party against
whom such message shall be given in evidence shall be at
liberty, nevertheless, to prove that the same was not in fact
sent by the person by whom it purports to have been
sent.
4 2 In any cause depending in a court of civil juris-
diction, the production of any telegraphic message, or a
copy thereof verified on oath, together with evidence that
such message was duly taken to a telegraph station, and
that the few (if my) for the transmission thereof were duly
paid, shall be prim? facie evidence that such message was
duly delivered to the person named therein as the person
to whom the same was to be transmitted; and the bnrden
indusion of this w e b authorized by L.N. 480119731
,
i
EVIDENCE 21
of proving that such message was not in fact received shall
be upon the person against whom such message, shall be
given in evidence:
Provided, that notice shall be first given by the party
adducing the same in evidence to the other party of his
intention to do so; and such notice may be given in such
manner and at such times as by the practice of the court in
which the proceeding is taken notices to produce or admit
are required to be given.
43. It shall be lawful for any person to cause to be trans- POWC~~O
mitted by electric telegraph the contents of any writ, war- TAmo
ing signature or seal, or the contents of any afEdavit or w p h .
statutory declaration, subject to the provisions following,
that is to say-
ordas, etc.. rant, rule, authority, order, or other communication requir- by electric
(a) the original document shall be delivered at the R W Z O ~ ~
telegraph station in the presence and under the o ~ d i n
inspection of some Justice or Notary Public;
(b) the person to whom the contents of any document
shall be so sent shall forthwith, and under the
supervision of a Justice, or Notary Public, cause
to be sent back by electric telegraph a copy of the
message received by him; and in the event of any
error appearing therein the process shall be re-
peated under the like supervision, until it shall
appear that a true copy of such document has
been received by the person to whom it shall have
been sent;
(c) when it shall appear that such true copy has been
so received, such first-mentioned Justice or Notary
Public shall endorse upon the original document
a cer t ihb that a true copy thereof has been sent,
under the provisions of this Part, to the person
to whom the same shall have been so sent, and
tota
sodoing.
-
IThe inclusion of this pags is authorized by L.N. 480;1973]
r
i
/-
i
1
22 EVIDENCE
shall forthwith by electric telegraph inform such
person that such certificate has been so endorsed,
and such last-mentioned person shall forthwith
endorse on such copy a certificate that such copy
was duly received by him under the provisions of
this Part, and this certificate shall be counter-
signed by the Justice or Notary Public under
whose supervision such copy may have been
received.
Validity, 44. Every copy so endorsed, certified and countersigned,
ity evidence in of whereof it purports to be a true copy would have been, and
apiaof shall be admissible as evidence in any case in which the
such
d-w, original would have been so admissible; and any person by
whom such copy shall have been so received, or who shall etc., so mt.
be thereby authorized, instructed, or commanded, or who
shall or may be lawfully charged with any duty in respect
thereof, shall have and become liable to the same rights or
duties in respect thereof, as if he had received such
original document duly signed and sealed, or signed or
sealed, or Sworn or declared, as the case may be; and in the
case of documents intended to be served, or the efficacy or
use whereof depends upon service, every such copy shall for
the purpose of such service be deemed to be the original
document whereof it purports to be a copy.
e&A and
admissibil. Shall be as Valid to all intents a d PUrpOSeS as the O l @ h d
Transmis- 45. Every original document, a copy whereof shall have
don of
suchdocu. been transmitted under section 43, shall be sent forthwith
ments,etc.~ to the from the telegraph station at which it was delivered for the
g u y purposes of such transmission to the Postmaster-General,
and and shall be open within reasonable hours to the inspection
2s.''" of any person, on the order of a Judge of the Supreme
Court or of a Resident Magistrate.
[The inclusion of this page is authorized by L.N. 480119751
EVIDENCE 23
I
L
I -
i
46. Any person who, being charged with the delivery of w+l
any telegraphic message, shall wilfully deliver or cause to eryof
be delivered the same to any person other than the person mess88c,
to whom the same shall be addressed, or his authorized
agent in that behalf, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and
being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion
of the court, to pay a fine not exceeding one hundred
dollars, or be imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year,
with or without hard labour.
mwdeliv-
Wegraphic
47. Whoever, without lawful authority or excuse, shall U ~ ' ~ T V M I ~
sign the name of any other person to any telegraphic m-gein
message, with intent to procure such message to be sent %zoTm
as a message from such other person, shall be guilty of a proon.
misdemeanour, and being convicted thereof shall be liable,
at the discretion of the court, to pay a fine not exceeding
two hundred dollars, or to be imprisoned for a term not
exceeding two years, with or without hard labour.
48. Any Justice or Notary Public who shall wilfully and ~dae
falsely endorse upon any original document, delivered at a mmta,
telegraph station for the purpose of being transmitted z26ca*cs
under the provisions of this Part, a certificate that a true ::--'
copy thereof has been sent under this Part, or who shall
by telegraph wilfully and falsely inform any person to
whom such document shall have been so sent that a certi-
ficate under the provisions of this Part has been endorsed
thereon, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being con-
victed thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court,
to pay a h e not exceeding two hundred dollars, or to be
imprisoned far a term not exceeding two years, with or
without hard labour.
aendmg
mdorsc-
49. Any person by this Part required to sign a certificate Fh
upon any copy of a document that such copy has been duly z z :
received under the provisions of this Part, who shall wd- of
fully sign such certificate knowing the same to be false, ~ ~ 1 ~ . docummr
me inclusion of this page is authorized by L.N. 480119731
I
24 EVlDENCE
shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being convicted
thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to
pay a fme not exceeding two hundred dollars, or to be
imprisoned for a term not exceeding two years, with or
without hard labour.
PART IV. Medical Evidence
50.41) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law,
but subject always to the provisions of this Part, any certi-
ficate or report, if accompanied by a sworn statement by
inenk- the medical practitioner who has signed the Certificate or
report, shall be admitted in evidence in any criminal pro-
ceedings before a Resident Magistrate or Justices, or at
any Coroner's Inquest, without the medical practitioner
being called upon to attend and to give evidence upon
oath.
Medical
certificates
and
(2 ) Where, in any criminal proceedings before a
Resident Magistrate or Justices it is intended to put in
evidence a certificate or report as provided in subsection
(11, the prosecution shall, at least three clear days before
the proceedings, serve upon the defendant written notice
of such intention, together with a copy of the d a t e
or report, and the defendant, at the commencement of the
proceedings, may object to the admission of the certificate
or report, and may require the attendance of the medical
practitioner to give evidence on oath.
saving. 51. Nothing in this Part contained shall be deemed to
prejudice or take away the rights of the defendant, or of
the court or Coroner, as the case may be, at any stage of
any proceedings to require the medical practitioner who has
signed a certificate or report to attend and give evidence
on oath.
me induaion of this page is authorized by L.N. 480/1973]
EVIDENCE 25
PART V. Island Chemist’s Certificate
52. At any preliminary investigation held by a Court ?&fi~:~
into facts which constitute an indictable offence, and which evidcna
may necessitate the sending on of an accused person for hv
trial, such Court may, for the purpose of determining :mT-
whether it shall dismiss the charge or send on the accused
person for trial, accept as evidence at that stage, the certi-
ficate of the Island Chemist, purporting to be signed by
him as such, as prima facie evidence of the matters therein
contained, if it is otherwise proved that the parcel, vessel 40/1968
or other receptacle containing the food, viscera, or other
matter or thing analysed, and in respect of which the said
certificate is given, had its seals, or other fastenings un-
injured, at the time the same was delivered to the said
Chemist:
Provided that if such accused person shall r e q e that
the Island Chemist shall attend such preliminary enquiry,
the Police and the Court shall take the necessary steps to 42/1969
procure his attendance:
Provided always, that such certificate shall not be re-
ceived as evidence at the trial of any accused person, and
that at such trial, if the evidence of the Island Chemist is
considered necessary, he shall attend in the same way as
at prc-
s. 2.
3rd w.
any other witness.
53. At any Coroner’s inquest the Coroner may accept as cmondr
prima facie evidence of the matters therein contained, the iDsuea
certificate of the Island Chemist, if the same purport to
be signed by such Island Chemist.
54. In this Part, the expression “Island Chemist” means lntcrprp
Government Chemist, Government Pathologist or any mia
Analyst appointed under any enactment for the time being u1/1sa
in force relating to food and drugs and includes any ’ 3.
laboratory technician prescribed by the Minister respon-
sible for health by general notice.
LThe inclusion of this m e is authorzed by LN. 480/1973]
26 EVIDENCE
PART VI. Service of Courts Process (Proof,
55. The personal service of any summons issued by any
Justice or Resident Magistrate under the Justices of the
Peace Jurisdiction Act or in any criminal proceeding, may
be proved in any legal proceeding by affidavit, sworn or
affirmed before any Judge, Justice or Clerk of a Resident
Magistrate’s Court.
56. Every such afEdavit shall state the name of the
complainant or prosecutor, the name of the defendant, the
date of the summons, the name of the Judge, or Justice who
issued the same, the hour of the day, day of the week, the
month and year, and the particular place, namely, the
number of house, name of street, pen, estate or other locality
at which the service is effected, and shall state that at the
time of service such summons was read over or explained
to the person served, and shall also state whether or not
the person served was, previous to the service, personally
known to the person serving the summofls; and, if not so
known, shall state how the person serving the summons
knew that the person served was the person who ought to
be served; such &davit may be in the Form given in the
Second Schedule, or to the like effect.
57. The original summons shall be marked for identifica-
tion by the person taking the affidavit, and the &davit
when made, shall be attached to the original summons.
58. Any &davit which contains the statement required
by section 56, and purports to be taken as required by
section 55, shall be received, without proof, in any legal
proceedkg as prima fa& evidence of the fact therein
stated.
59.-(1) Notwithstanding anything in this or any law
contained where any summons or other process of a court
is served by a Constable or other Peace Officer, or by a
me inclusion of this page is authorized by L N 480/1973]
semice of
may be
summons
~~
tion.
Form of
amavit .
Second
Schedule.
Ot igid
smnmons
to be
marked for
identiflcr
tion.
Affidavit
Under eeP
tions 55
and 56
.hall be w
in midace.
Proof of
service of
DIOCWS.
EVIDENCE 27
Bailiff of any court, the service may be proved by endorsement
on the original or a copy of the summons or process under the
hand of any such person effecting the service, showing the fact
and mode of the service of such summons or process; and any
such person wilfully and corruptly endorsing any false statement
on the original or the copy of a summons or other process shall
be guilty of a misdemeanow and on conviction thereof in a
Resident Magistrate's Court shall incur the same penalties as are
or may be incurred by persons convicted of wilful and corrupt
perjury.
(2) For the purposes of this section, "court" means the
Supreme Court, or a Resident Magistrate's Court, or Court of
Petty Sessions.
-
me inclusion of this page is authorized by L.N. 123ROll(
EVIDENCE
(Section 12
(1))
FIRST SCHEDULE , .
12/2009
3rd Sch.
(Section 56) SECOND SCHEDULE
TITLE OF Am
The Sexual Offences Act.
The Married Women's Property
Act.
The Child Care and Protection
Act.
I, E.F. (Constable, or as the case may be), do swear that on
a ENACTMENT REFERRED TO
Sections 3, 4, 5, 7 to 11, 13, 15
to2land 23.. . .
Sections 13 and 15.
Part I and Part I1
the day of , 19 , at o'clock in the after-
noon (or morning, as the case may be), (at No. Harbour
Street, Kingston), (or at pen, as the case may be, describing
the locality), I served upon A.B. a summons now marked A, dated
the day of , 19 , and issued by J.S.,
Justice of the Peace (or, as the case may be), against A.B. on the
information (or complaint) of C.D. (the complainant 'or prosecutor).
At the time that I served the summons on A.B., I read over the same
to him (or explained the same to him). Before the day on which I
served such summons I knew A.B., personally (or I did not know A.B.
personally, but I asked him if he were A.B. and he said that he was,
or the other means ;by which E.F. ascertained that the person served
was A. B., must be stated).
Taken and sworn to before me, at , in the
parish of , this day of ,
19
(Signed) A. B.,
- Justice of the Peace
(or as the case may be)
lThe inclusion of this page is authorized by L.?. 123120111
