¹ At the end of their university education, people following a course of study must have the following knowledge, skills and abilities:

A.

Have the scientific basis for taking preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, palliative and rehabilitation measures;

B.

Understand the principles and methods of scientific research;

C.

Identify and evaluate health maintenance factors and take them into account in their professional activity;

D.

Be able to advise, follow and care for their patients in collaboration with members of other professions;

E.

Be able to analyse medical information and research results, assess their findings critically and apply them in their professional activity;

F.

Learn from interdisciplinary collaboration with members of other professions;

G.

To know the legal bases governing the Swiss social protection and public health system and to know how to apply them in their professional activities;

H.

Be able to determine whether the benefits they provide are effective, adequate and economical, and be able to behave accordingly;

I.

To understand the relationship between the economy, on the one hand, and public health and care structures, on the other.

² They must be able to apply this knowledge, skills and abilities in their professional activities and develop them continuously.

The courses of study must contribute to the development of the personality and social skills of students so that they can cope with future work demands. In particular, they should allow students to: ¹

A.

Recognize and respect the limitations of medical activity and their own strengths and weaknesses;

B.

To understand the ethical dimension of their professional activity and to assume their responsibilities towards the individual, society and the environment;

C.

To respect patients' right to self-determination in the course of treatment.

Individuals who have completed their studies of human medicine, dentistry or chiropracticism must:

A.

To know the basic functional structures and mechanisms of the human body necessary for the exercise of their profession, from the molecular level to that of the body, in all phases of evolution and at all stages between health and Disease;

B.

Control, within their occupational scope, the diagnosis and treatment of health problems and common diseases, as well as conditions requiring emergency response;

C. ¹

Be able to use therapeutic products professionally, environmentally and economically;

D.

Recognize important clinical signs in the neighbouring professional fields and adapt their activities to the larger problems they raise;

E.

Be able to summarize and communicate their observations and interpretations;

F.

To understand health problems globally and to identify in particular the factors and consequences of a physical, psychological, social, legal, economic, cultural and ecological nature, and to take account of them in the resolution of the Health problems at the individual and collective levels;

G. ²

Understand patients as individuals and in their social environment and respond to their concerns and those of their loved ones;

H.

Working for human health by providing advice and taking the necessary preventive and promotional measures in their field of work;

I.

Respect the dignity and autonomy of the people concerned, know the basic principles of ethics, be familiar with the various ethical problems that arise in their profession and be guided, in their activities Professional and scientific, through ethical principles for the good of human beings;

J. ³

Have appropriate knowledge of the methods and therapeutic approaches of complementary medicine;

K. ⁴

Be familiar with the tasks of different professionals in the field of basic medical care and know the central role and function of family doctors.

Individuals who have completed their pharmacy studies must:

A.

To know and understand, in particular, the scientific bases and legal provisions concerning the manufacture, delivery and distribution of pharmaceutical drugs and adjuvants, the preparation of the relevant documentation and their Elimination;

B.

Understanding the interactions between drugs and their environment

C. ¹

Have complete knowledge of the use of drugs and medical devices of importance to their profession, as well as their effects, use and risks;

D.

Knowledge of the most important non-drug therapies for humans and animals;

E.

Be able to provide pharmaceutical advice to members of other health professions and help them to advise patients on health issues;

F. ²

To contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health and the prevention of diseases and to acquire the relevant competences, in particular in the field of vaccinations;

G.

Respect the dignity and autonomy of the people concerned, know the basic principles of ethics, be familiar with the various ethical problems that arise in medicine, particularly in the drug therapy, and se To guide, in their professional and scientific activities, ethical principles for the good of human beings;

H. ³

Be familiar with the tasks of different professionals in the field of basic medical care;

I. ⁴

Know and understand, in particular, the principles and professional bases concerning the manufacture, delivery, distribution, documentation and disposal of medicinal products of complementary medicine, but also the legal provisions in the Subject matter;

J. ⁵

Have appropriate basic knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of frequently occurring health conditions and diseases.

Individuals who have completed their studies of veterinary medicine must:

A.

To know the basic functional structures and mechanisms of the animal organism necessary for the exercise of their profession, from the molecular level to that of the organism, in all phases of evolution and at all stages between health And disease;

B.

Have basic knowledge about the behaviour of animals, whether they are healthy or sick, as well as the requirements for their care, diet and treatment, but also the impact of the Deficiencies in animal welfare and performance;

C.

Control, within their occupational scope, the diagnosis and treatment of health problems and common diseases, as well as conditions requiring emergency response;

D.

Have basic knowledge of genetics and animal husbandry and production, and understand the impact of heredity and production methods on animal welfare and performance;

E.

Be familiarized with the legal bases and tasks of the State in the veterinary field, in particular with the principles of surveillance and control of epizootic diseases, including communicable diseases between human beings and Animals, and with the control of foodstuffs of animal origin and with the principles of animal protection;

F.

Be able to use therapeutic products in a professional, environmentally and economically sound manner;

G.

Be able to summarize and communicate their observations and interpretations;

H.

Respect the integrity of living organisms and the potential conflicts between the different needs of the animal, the human being, society and the environment, but also be able to apply their knowledge by being Aware of their responsibilities;

I. ¹

Have appropriate knowledge of the methods and therapeutic approaches of complementary medicine.

If a federal degree is created for another occupation under s. 2, para. 2, the Federal Council sets the objectives of the training which leads to the completion of this diploma.

¹ The conditions for admission to the federal review are as follows:

A.

Be a holder of either a federal maturity or a maturity recognized under federal law, or a graduation diploma from a cantonal university, a federal polytechnic school, or a specialized high school;

B.

Have completed a course of study accredited in accordance with this Act.

² If Switzerland does not offer training to a medical profession referred to in Art. 2, is permitted under the federal review for any person who meets the following conditions:

A.

Submit a specified number of study credits granted by a sector of a high school accredited in accordance with this Law;

B.

Have completed, in a high foreign school, a course of study on the list drawn up by the Federal Department of the Interior (art. 33).

³ After consulting with the Medical Professions Commission and the Council of Higher Schools, the Federal Council determines the number of education credits referred to in para. 2, let. A. ¹

¹ After consulting with the Medical Professions Commission and the university high schools, the Federal Council determines in a review regulation:

A.

The content of the review;

B.

The examination procedure;

C.

Registration fees for examinations and allowances paid to experts.

² After consulting with the Medical Professions Commission, the Federal Council appoints the examination committees empowered to pass the tests and give them the necessary mandates.

¹ University training ends with the success of the federal review.

² The federal review should determine whether students are:

A.

Possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, social skills and behaviours required to conduct the selected medical profession;

B.

Meet the conditions for the necessary postgraduate training.

¹ A foreign diploma is recognised whose equivalence with a federal diploma is laid down in a treaty on mutual recognition of diplomas concluded with the State concerned, and whose holder is fluency in a Swiss national language.

² A recognized foreign diploma deploys in Switzerland the same effects as a federal degree.

³ Recognition falls within the competence of the Medical Professions Commission.

⁴ The Medical Professions Commission, if it does not recognise the foreign diploma, lays down the conditions for obtaining the corresponding federal diploma.

High university schools regulate courses of study leading to a federal degree in accordance with the accreditation criteria and objectives set out in this Act.

¹ Postgraduate training must extend and deepen the knowledge, skills, abilities, social skills and behaviours acquired during university training so that the people who have followed it are able to exercise their skills. Professional activity under their own responsibility in the field concerned.

² In particular, it must make them suitable for:

A.

Make safe diagnoses and prescribe or carry out appropriate therapies;

B.

Respect human dignity in the treatment of patients as in contact with patients' relatives;

C.

Accompanying patients at the end of their life;

D.

Acting autonomously in emergency situations;

E.

To take action to maintain and promote health and prevention;

F. ¹

Make effective, appropriate and economical use of the means at their disposal;

G.

Collaborating with colleagues in Switzerland and abroad, with members of other health professions and with the relevant public health authorities;

H.

Continue to train for the duration of their professional activity;

I. ²

Understand the tasks of the various professionals in the field of basic medical care and their interactions, including the role of the piloting of family medicine, and to fulfil their tasks in this field in accordance with the specificities of their Profession.

³ Physicians active in basic medical care must acquire their knowledge, skills and abilities specific to family medicine during the corresponding postgraduate training in family medicine, Partly in the form of a assistantship in the cabinet. ³

¹ Postgraduate training lasts at least two years, and no more than six years.

² In the case of part-time post-graduate training, the duration shall be extended accordingly.

³ The Federal Council, after consulting the Medical Professions Commission, determines the duration of post-graduation training for the various post-grade titles corresponding to the medical professions. Instead of setting its duration, it may determine the extent of the training to be taken, in particular by determining the number of post-graduation training credits required.

¹ Holders of a federal diploma may undergo accredited post-graduate training in their field.

² No one can claim a right to a post-graduate training place.

³ Admission to post-graduate training may not be subject to membership in a professional association.

The organisation responsible for the accredited post-graduate training stream grants the corresponding title.

¹ Is recognised the foreign postgraduate title whose equivalence with a federal post-grade title is established in a treaty on the reciprocal recognition of post-grade titles concluded with the State concerned and whose holder is in a national language Switzerland.

² A recognized foreign postgraduate title deploys in Switzerland the same effects as the corresponding federal post-grade title.

³ The recognition of foreign post-graduate titles falls within the purview of the Medical Professions Commission.

⁴ ... ¹

¹ The purpose of accreditation is to ensure that post-graduation education and training courses enable persons in post-graduate training and post-graduate training to achieve the objectives set out in this Act.

² It includes monitoring the quality of structures, processes and outcomes.

¹ Any course of study leading to a federal degree must be accredited in accordance with the Law of 30 September 2011 on the encouragement and coordination of high schools (LEHE) ¹ And in accordance with this Law. Each sector gives rise to only one accreditation procedure. This is in accordance with s. 32 LEHE. ²

² Post-graduation training courses leading to the obtaining of a federal title must be accredited in accordance with this Act.

¹ A course of study leading to a federal degree is accredited if it meets, in addition to the requirement for certification under s. 31 LEHE ² , with the following criteria:

A.

To enable students to achieve the goals of the university medical profession they have chosen;

B.

Allow students to attend post-graduate training.

² The Medical Professions Commission shall be consulted before accreditation.

³ The Federal Council may issue special accreditation criteria for the structure of the study streams and the student evaluation system, if this is necessary to prepare for the federal review. It consults the High Schools Council in advance.

¹ A post-graduate training course to obtain a federal post-grade post is accredited under the following conditions:

A.

It is under the responsibility of a national professional association or other appropriate organisation (responsible organisation);

B.

It allows trainees to meet the objectives of the post-graduate training set out in this Act;

C.

It is open to people from all over Switzerland;

D.

It is based on university education;

E.

It determines whether or not the persons in training have met the objectives set out in s. 17;

F.

It includes both practical training and academic instruction;

G.

It ensures that post-graduation training takes place under the responsibility of a holder of a corresponding federal post-graduate title;

H.

Post-graduation training is provided in post-graduate training institutions recognized for this purpose by the responsible organization;

I.

Requires individuals in training to provide personal collaboration and to take on responsibilities;

J.

The responsible organisation has an independent and impartial body responsible for deciding on the use of persons in training or post-graduate training institutions, in accordance with a fair procedure, at least in the cases provided for in Art. 55.

² The Federal Council, after consultation with the Medical Professions Commission and the responsible organizations, may issue provisions that embody the criterion of accreditation referred to in para. 1, let. B.

³ Only one organization is responsible for all post-graduation training courses for each academic medical profession.

¹ The organisation responsible for a post-graduate training course addresses an application for accreditation to the accreditation body (Art. 47, para. 2). ¹

² It shall attach to its application a report attesting to the fulfilment of the accreditation criteria.

¹ The accreditation body (art. 48, para. 2) set up committees of experts to monitor post-graduation training courses. ¹

² Expert commissions are composed of recognized Swiss and foreign experts.

³ They supplement the applicants' self-assessment report with their own analyses.

⁴ They shall submit a reasoned request for accreditation to the accreditation body.

⁵ The accreditation body may: ²

A.

Refer the request for accreditation to the Committee of Experts for further processing;

B.

To deal with the request of the Committee of Experts itself and, if necessary, forward it for decision to the accreditation body with a request and a supplementary report.

¹ The accreditation body shall decide on the applications after consulting the Medical Professions Commission.

² It may include the accreditation of expenses.

¹ The duration of validity of the accreditation of courses of study is governed by the Law of 30 September 2011 on the encouragement and coordination of high schools ² .

² The period of validity of the accreditation of post-graduation training courses is not more than seven years.

¹ If the accreditation is accompanied by charges, the organisation responsible for the post-graduate training course must prove the execution of the charges within the time limit laid down in the accreditation decision. ¹

² If the charges are only partially fulfilled, the accreditation authority may impose new charges.

³ If the enforcement of the accreditation criteria is seriously affected by the failure to comply with the requirements, the accreditation body may revoke accreditation at the request of the accreditation body.

¹ Any material changes to a certified postgraduate training stream must be brought to the attention of the accreditation body. ²

² If the amendment does not meet the accreditation criteria, the accreditation authority may impose charges.

Organizations responsible for post-graduation training are required to provide, on request, free of charge to the accreditation body all the information, reports and documents required for the performance of its supervisory duties.

¹ The accreditation of courses of study shall be financed in accordance with Art. 35 LEHE ² . ³

² The accreditation of post-graduate training courses is financed by emoluments.

¹ The department maintains, in an ordinance, a list of recognized chiropracticpractice studies that are offered by foreign university schools.

² Chiropractic studies offered by higher foreign schools are listed if they have been subject to an accreditation procedure which ensures that the training meets the quality requirements set out in the Present law.

³ The Federal Council regulates the periodic monitoring of recognised studies.

¹ The accreditation of courses of study leading to the obtaining of a federal diploma is the responsibility of the Swiss Council of Accreditation referred to in Art. 21 LEHE ¹ . ²

² The accreditation of post-graduation training courses leading to the obtaining of a federal post-degree title is within the competence of the department.

¹ The examination of applications for accreditation filed by university colleges is subject to the competence of the Swiss Agency for Accreditation and Quality Assurance under Art. 22 LEHE ² ; it is within the competence of an internationally recognised accreditation institution when the institution to be accredited in fact makes the application to the accreditation body.

² The Federal Council appoints the body responsible for examining applications for accreditation by organisations responsible for post-graduate training. It can entrust this task to the Swiss Agency for Accreditation and Quality Assurance.

¹ The Federal Council establishes a Medical Professions Commission and appoints its members.

² It ensures appropriate representation of the Confederation, the cantons, the university colleges and the professional circles concerned.

³ The Medical Professions Commission consists of a directorate as well as a section "university education" and a section "post-graduate training". It has a secretariat.

⁴ It adopts a regulation, in particular the decision-making procedure. The Regulation is subject to the approval of the Department.

¹ The Medical Professions Commission has the following tasks and competencies:

A. ¹

Advise the accreditation body, the Federal Council, the Department and the Council of Higher Schools on issues related to post-graduate education and training;

B.

Issuing opinions on applications for accreditation in the fields of university education and post-graduate training;

C. ²

Regular reports to the Department and the High School Board;

D.

Decide on the recognition of foreign postgraduate degrees and diplomas;

E.

Oversight of federal reviews;

F.

Where appropriate, propose measures to the relevant departments to improve the quality of university education or post-graduate training.

² The Medical Professions Commission may process personal data as long as the performance of its tasks requires it.

¹ The Department maintains the Register of University Medical Professions.

² This register is used for information and protection of patients, for quality assurance, for statistical purposes, for the establishment of medical demography and for information on foreign services. It is also intended to simplify the procedures necessary for the granting of authorisation to practice.

³ The Register shall contain the data necessary to achieve the aims set out in para. 2. Also include sensitive data within the meaning of s. 3, let. C, of the Federal Law of 19 June 1992 on Data Protection ¹ .

⁴ The register shall contain in particular the information necessary for the cantons and the federal bodies in the context of the application of the Federal Act of 18 March 1994 on health insurance ² .

⁵ The Federal Council shall lay down provisions on the personal data contained in the register and the manner in which they are treated.

¹ The competent cantonal authorities shall without delay announce to the Department any grant or refusal of an authorisation to practice on an independent basis and any modification of the authorisation, including any restriction on the exercise of the profession And any disciplinary action.

² Organizations responsible for a post-graduate training stream announce the granting of a federal post-grade title.

¹ The data contained in the register can be consulted online.

² Data relating to disciplinary measures and restrictions, as well as the grounds for refusal of authorisation and withdrawal within the meaning of Art. 38 may be consulted only by the authorities responsible for granting authorisations to practise. All other data can be accessed freely.

¹ The entry in the register of a warning, reprimand or fine shall be completed, five years after the delivery of the disciplinary measure in question, by the words "radiated".

² The entry in the register of a temporary ban on practice is completed, ten years after the lifting of the prohibition, by the words "radiated".

³ The registration of restrictions shall be eliminated from the Register five years after their removal.

⁴ All entries relating to a person are removed from the register as soon as the person in question is 80 years of age or an authority announces his death. The data can then be used for statistical purposes in an anonymous form.

¹ Organizations responsible for accredited post-graduate training courses shall take, in accordance with the Federal Act of 20 December 1968 on administrative procedure ¹ , decisions on:

A.

Validation of post-graduate training periods;

B.

Admission to the final examination;

C.

The success of the final review;

D.

The granting of post-grade securities;

E.

Recognition of post-graduate training institutions.

² At the request of the applicant, they shall take a decision concerning admission to an accredited post-graduate course. ²

In order to ensure the confidentiality of examination papers in the medical professions, the submission of examination files may be refused, the production of copies or of double prohibition and the duration of the consultation of the restricted files.

Any person shall be fined:

A.

Who claims to have a post-graduate degree or title governed by this Act when she has not obtained it regularly;

B.

Which uses a name falsely claiming that it has completed a university course or post-graduate training governed by this Act.

The Federal Council shall monitor the implementation of this Act.

The Federal Council shall issue the implementing provisions.

The Federal Law of 19 December 1877 concerning the exercise of the professions of doctor, pharmacist and veterinarian in the Swiss Confederation ¹ Is repealed.

¹ The regulations on fields of study shall be adapted to this Law so that the new provisions may be applied to first-year students no later than two years after the entry into force of this Law.

² The Federal Council shall adapt the rules of examination within one year of the entry into force of this Law. These regulations apply to students who follow the new education streams.

³ The tasks of the Steering Committee are taken up by the Medical Professions Commission and those of the local presidents, by the chairmen of the examination committees.

⁴ Federal reviews are conducted in accordance with the former right for three years after the coming into force of this Act. The examinations of the first, second, third and fourth years, which are carried out by the university colleges during this transition period, are considered to be federal examinations.

⁵ The first federal review under this Act for human medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine will take place four years after the coming into force of this Act.

⁶ The first federal review under this Act for chiropracticism will take place one year after the coming into force of this Act.

¹ Academic high school education courses which, at the time of entry into force of this Act, lead to a federal degree corresponding to a medical profession are considered to be accredited.

² This accreditation is valid for five years.

¹ Post-graduation training courses leading to the obtaining of a federal post-graduate qualification must be accredited under the new provisions no later than four years after the entry into force of this Act.

² The post-graduate training course in chiropracticism shall be considered to be accredited upon the entry into force of this Law for a period of four years.

¹ Holders of a federal medical degree who, 1 ^Er June 2002, for the benefit of a cantonal authorisation to practice independently, remain entitled to practise their profession on an independent basis throughout Switzerland without a federal post-graduation title. Those who had not obtained post-graduation title before that date were given a title corresponding to their practical and theoretical postgraduate training.

² The Federal Council regulates the modalities.

¹ Persons who, on the entry into force of this Law, are entitled to a Cantonal authorisation to exercise on an independent basis the profession of chiropractor shall remain entitled to do so throughout Switzerland without post-graduation title Federal or federal degree.

² If the Federal Council has jurisdiction over s. 2, para. 2, it grants it the status of persons who are already in the profession newly subject to this Act.

¹ The disciplinary measures provided for in s. 43 do not apply to events prior to the coming into force of this Act.

² A temporary or definitive prohibition of self-employment may be imposed for acts prior to the entry into force of this Law which constitute a breach of the professional duty referred to in s. 40, let. A, if this measure responds to a compelling reason for public health.

¹ This Law shall be subject to the referendum.

² The Federal Council shall fix the date of entry into force.