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Original text
(Status on 25 February 2014)
The Parties,
Resolved to implement the Convention 2 Long-range transboundary air pollution,
Concerned that current emissions of air pollutants damage, in the exposed regions of Europe and North America, extremely environmentally and economically significant natural resources,
Recalling that the Executive Body of the Convention recognized at its second session the need to effectively reduce the total annual emissions of nitrogen oxides from stationary or mobile sources or their transboundary fluxes at the latest in 1995, as well as the need for States that had already begun to reduce these emissions to maintain and revise their emission standards for nitrogen oxides,
Taking into account current scientific and technical data relating to the emission, atmospheric displacement and environmental impact of nitrogen oxides and their secondary products, as well as control techniques,
Aware that the harmful effects of nitrogen oxide emissions for the environment vary from country to country,
Resolved to take effective control measures and reduce national annual emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary flows, including through the application of appropriate national emission standards for mobile sources New and large new stationary sources as well as adaptation after the large existing stationary sources,
Recognizing that scientific and technical knowledge on these issues is evolving, and that this evolution will have to be taken into account in reviewing the implementation of this Protocol and deciding on subsequent actions to be taken,
Noting that the development of an approach based on critical loads is intended to establish a scientific basis for effects, which will have to be taken into account in reviewing the implementation of this Protocol and deciding on new measures agreed upon The international plan to limit and reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes,
Acknowledging that the diligent review of procedures to create more favourable conditions for the exchange of technologies will contribute to the effective reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in the Commission region,
Noting with satisfaction the mutual commitment of several countries to reduce, without delay, their national annual emissions of nitrogen oxides,
Taking note of the measures already taken by certain countries which had the effect of reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides,
Agreed to the following:
For the purposes of this Protocol,
(1) The Parties shall, as soon as possible, take effective measures to control and/or reduce their national annual emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes so that they, by 31 December 1994 at the latest, Shall not exceed their national annual emissions of oxides of nitrogen or the transboundary fluxes of such emissions during the calendar year 1987 or any previous year to be specified when the Protocol is signed or acceded to Further, in respect of any Party specifying any year Its national transboundary fluxes or national emissions of nitrogen oxides during the period of 1 Er January 1987 to 1 Er January 1996 does not exceed, on average, its cross-border flows or national emissions during the calendar year 1987.
2. In addition, the Parties shall, inter alia, two years after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, take the following measures:
4. The Parties may take more stringent measures than those prescribed by this Article.
Parties shall facilitate, in accordance with their national laws, regulations and practices, the exchange of technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, in particular by encouraging:
2. In encouraging the activities referred to in subparagraphs (a) to (d) above, the Parties shall create favourable conditions by facilitating contacts and cooperation between competent private and public sector organizations and persons Provide the necessary technology, design and engineering services, equipment or funding.
(3) The Parties shall undertake, not later than six months after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, the examination of the steps necessary to create more favourable conditions for the exchange of technology to reduce emissions Of nitrogen oxides.
The Parties shall ensure that, as soon as possible but not later than two years after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, unleaded fuel is sufficiently available, in special cases at least along the large International transit routes, to facilitate the movement of vehicles equipped with catalytic converters.
The Parties shall periodically review this Protocol, taking into account the best available scientific bases and technical innovations.
The first revision shall take place no later than one year after the date of entry into force of this Protocol.
The Parties shall place a high priority on research and monitoring activities relating to the development and application of a critical load-based methodology to determine, in a scientific manner, reductions Required emissions of nitrogen oxides. The Parties shall, in particular, seek, through national research programmes, in the work plan of the Executive Body and other cooperation programmes under the Convention, to:
The Parties shall establish, without delay, national programmes, policies and strategies for the implementation of obligations under this Protocol, which will combat and reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes.
The Parties shall exchange information by notifying the Executive Body of the national programmes, policies and strategies they establish in accordance with Article 7 above and reporting annually to the Executive Body on the progress achieved and Any changes in these programs, policies and strategies, and in particular on:
2. This information is disclosed, to the extent possible, in accordance with a consistent reporting framework.
Using appropriate models, EMEP shall provide the Executive Body, in a timely way prior to its annual meetings, with calculations of nitrogen balance sheets, transboundary fluxes and the deposition of nitrogen oxides in the geographical area of the EMEP EMER. In regions outside the EMEP area, models appropriate to the specific circumstances of the Parties to the Convention are used.
The Technical Annex to this Protocol shall have the character of a recommendation. It is an integral part of the Protocol.
1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Proposals for amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Executive Secretary of the Commission, who shall communicate them to all Parties. The Executive Body shall consider the proposed amendments at its closest annual meeting, provided that such proposals have been communicated to the Parties by the Executive Secretary at least 90 days in advance.
3. Amendments to the Protocol, other than amendments to its Technical Annex, shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties represented at a meeting of the Executive Body, and shall enter into force in respect of the Parties who have accepted them on the four-twenty-tenth Day following the date on which two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance of these amendments. The amendments shall enter into force in respect of any Party which has accepted them after two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance of those amendments, on the ninetieth day after the date on which that Party has deposited Its instrument of acceptance of amendments.
4. Amendments to the Technical Annex shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties represented at a meeting of the Executive Body and shall take effect on the thirtieth day after the date on which they have been communicated in accordance with paragraph 5 below.
5. The amendments referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall be communicated to all Parties by the Executive Secretary, as soon as possible after their adoption.
If a dispute arises between two or more Parties as to the interpretation or application of this Protocol, those Parties shall seek a solution by negotiation or by any other method of dispute settlement acceptable to the The Parties to the dispute.
(1) This Protocol shall be open for signature in Sofia from 1 to 4 November 1988 inclusive, and thereafter at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 5 May 1989, by the member States of the Commission and by States with status Advisory to the Commission, in accordance with paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947 and by regional economic integration organizations constituted by sovereign States members of The Commission, having the competence to negotiate, conclude and implement international agreements in the Subject to this Protocol, provided that the States and organizations concerned are Parties to the Convention.
2. In matters falling within their competence, these regional economic integration organizations shall exercise their rights in their own right and carry out their responsibilities in accordance with the provisions of this Protocol to their member States. In such cases, the Member States of these organisations may not exercise these rights individually.
1. This Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the Signatories.
2. This Protocol shall be open from 6 May 1989 to the accession of the States and organizations referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 13 above.
3. A State or an organisation which accedes to this Protocol after 31 December 1993 may apply Articles 2 and 4 above by 31 December 1995 at the latest.
4. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall act as depositary.
(1) This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
2. For each State or organization referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 13 above, which ratifies, accepts or approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of the deposit by that Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
At any time after five years from the date on which this Protocol enters into force in respect of a Party, that Party may denounce the Protocol by a written notification addressed to the depositary. The denunciation shall take effect on the ninetieth day after the date of its receipt by the depositary, or at any later date which may be specified in the notification of denunciation.
The original of this Protocol, of which the English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof, The undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Protocol.
Done at Sofia, the thirty-first day of the month of October thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight.
Following are the signatures
Information on emission results and costs is based on the official documentation of the Executive Body and its subsidiary bodies, in particular documents EB.AIR/WG.3/R. 8, R. 9 and R. 16, as well as ENV/ WP.1/R. 86 and Corr. 1, reproduced in Effects of transboundary air pollution and pollution control 1 . Unless otherwise indicated, the techniques listed are considered to be proven and based on the operating experience 2 .
2. The information contained in this Annex is incomplete. As experience with new engines and new installations using low emission techniques and the adaptation of existing facilities is constantly expanding, it will be necessary to develop and amend Regular schedule. The annex, which could not be a comprehensive presentation of the technical options, was intended to assist Parties in the search for economically feasible technologies for the implementation of obligations under the Protocol.
3. Fossil fuel combustion is the main stationary source of anthropogenic NO emissions X In addition, some operations other than combustion can contribute to NO emissions. X .
4. Major categories of stationary sources of NO emissions X Can be:
5. NO Emission Reduction Techniques X Are focused on certain modifications of combustion or operation, and-in particular for large thermal power plants-on the treatment of flue gases.
6. For Adaptation A posteriori Existing facilities, the scope of application of anti-NO techniques X May be limited by negative side effects on the operation or other installation constraints. Therefore, in case of adjustment after the fact, only approximate estimates are given for the characteristically feasible NO emission values. X For new installations, negative side effects can be reduced to a minimum or excluded by an appropriate design.
7. Based on currently available data, the cost of changes in combustion can be considered low in new facilities. In contrast, in the case of adaptation A posteriori , for example in large thermal power plants, this cost could vary, roughly, between 8 and 25 Swiss francs per kW El (1985). As a general rule, the investment costs for gas processing systems are much higher.
8. For stationary sources, emission factors are expressed in milligrams of NO 2 Per cubic metre (mg/m 3 ) Normal (0 ° C, 1013 mb), dry weight.
Combustion installations
9. The category of combustion plants is for the combustion of fossil fuels in furnaces, boilers, indirect heaters and other combustion plants providing heat input greater than 10 MW, without mixing Combustion gases with other effluents or treated materials. For new or existing facilities, the following combustion technologies are available, which can be used alone or in combination:
The results standards that can be achieved are summarized in Table 1.
10. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) treatment of flue gas is an additional measure to reduce NO emissions X Whose yield reaches 80 per cent or even more. In the UNECE region, there is now a great deal of experience in the operation of new or adapted installations after the fact, in particular for thermal power plants of more than 300 MW (thermal). If combustion changes are added, emission values of 200 mg/m can be easily achieved. 3 (solid fuels, 6 % of O 2 ) And 150 mg/m 3 (liquid fuels, 3 % O 2 ).
Table 1
Results Standards NO X , (mg/m 3 ) Realisable by combustion modifications
Solid Fuels
| Installation type (a) |
Reference level (no anti-NO measurement X ) |
Retrofitting of existing installations (b) |
New Installation |
O 2 |
||
| Interval |
Caracte-ristic |
% |
||||
| 10 MW (c) 300 MW |
Grid combustion (coal) Combustion in fluidized bed (i) fixed (ii) circulating Combustion of pulverized coal (i) dry sole (ii) wet sole |
300-1000 300-600 150-300 700-1700 1000-2300 |
- - -600-1100 1000-1400 |
600 - - 800 - |
400 400 200 < 600 < 1000 |
7 7 7 6 6 |
| > 300 MW |
Combustion of powdered coal (i) dry sole (ii) wet sole |
700-1700 1000-2300 |
600-1100 1000-1400 |
- - |
< 600 < 1000 |
6 6 |
Liquid Fuels
| Installation type (a) |
Reference level (no anti-NO measurement X ) |
Retrofitting of existing installations (b) |
New Installation |
O 2 |
||
| Interval |
Caracte-ristic |
% |
||||
| 10 MW (c) 300 MW |
Distilled fuel combustion Residual fuel combustion |
-500-1400 |
-200-400 |
300 400 |
- - |
3 3 |
| > 300 MW |
Residual Fuel Combustion |
500-1400 |
200-400 |
- |
- |
3 |
| (a) |
Capabilities refer to the supply of heat in MW (thermal) by fuel (lower heating value). |
|||||
| (b) |
Given the installation constraints and the high uncertainty as to the results of retrofitting existing installations, it is possible to give only approximate values. |
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| (c) |
For small facilities (10 MW-100 MW), all given figures have a higher degree of uncertainty. |
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Gaseous Fuels
| Installation type (a) |
Reference level (no anti-NO measurement X ) |
Retrofitting of existing installations (b) |
New Installation |
O 2 |
||
| Interval |
Caracte-ristic |
% |
||||
| 10 MW (c) 300 MW |
150-1000 |
100-300 |
- |
< 300 |
3 |
|
| > 300 MW |
250-1400 |
100-300 |
- |
< 300 |
3 |
|
| (a) |
Capabilities refer to the supply of heat in MW (thermal) by fuel (lower heating value). |
|||||
| (b) |
Given the installation constraints and the high uncertainty as to the results of retrofitting existing installations, it is possible to give only approximate values. |
|||||
| (c) |
For small facilities (10 MW-100 MW), all given figures have a higher degree of uncertainty. |
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11. Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (NCS), a technique for treating flue gas to achieve a reduction of 20 to 60 per cent of NO X , is a less expensive technique that has special applications (e.g., refinery ovens and low-cost gas combustion).
Stationary engines, gas turbines and internal combustion engines
12. NO emissions can be reduced X Fixed gas turbines either by changing combustion (dry) or by water/steam injection (wet). These two kinds of measures are well-tested. This can result in emission values of 150 mg/m 3 (gas, 15 % of O 2 ) And 300 mg/m 3 (fuel, 15 % O 2 ). Adaptation A posteriori Is possible.
13. NO emissions can be reduced X , stationary spark-ignition internal combustion engines, either by modifying the combustion (for example, poor mixing and recycling of the exhaust gas) or by treating the exhaust gas (a 3-way closed-loop catalytic converter, RCS). The technical and economic feasibility of applying these various processes depends on the size of the engine, the type of engine (two time/four times) and the mode of operation of the engine (constant/variable load). The lean mixing system yields NO emission values. X 800 mg/m 3 (5 % of O 2 ), the RCS process reduces NO emissions X Well below 400 mg/m 3 (5 % of O 2 ) And the three-way catalytic converter allows even to drop below 200 mg/m 3 (5 % of O 2 ).
Industrial Bears-Cement Calcination
The precalcination process is being evaluated in the Commission region as a possible technique to reduce concentrations of NO X In the furnace gas of new or existing furnaces of cement calcination at approximately 300 mg/m 3 (10 % of O 2 ).
Non-Burning Operations-Nitric Acid Production
15. Nitric acid production with high pressure absorption (> 8 bars) keeps below 400 mg/m 3 Concentrations of NO X In undiluted effluents. The same result can be achieved by means of an average pressure absorption associated with a RCS process or any other NO reduction process X Of similar effectiveness. Adaptation A posteriori Is possible.
16. Motor vehicles covered by this Annex are those used for road transport, namely, passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles powered by petrol or diesel fuel. Where applicable, categories of vehicles shall be mentioned (M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , N 1 , N 2 , N 3 ,) defined in ECE Regulation No. 13 adopted pursuant to the 1958 Agreement on the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts.
17. Road transport is an important source of anthropogenic NO emissions X In many of the Commission's countries: they contribute 40 to 80 % of the total national emissions. Overall, gasoline vehicles account for two-thirds of total NO emissions. X Due to road transport.
The techniques available to control nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles are summarized in Tables 3 and 6. It is convenient to group the techniques according to the existing or proposed national and international emission standards, which differ by the rigour of the provisions. As the current regulatory test cycles correspond only to urban driving, estimates of the relative emissions of NO X That the following account shall be taken of driving at higher speeds when NO emissions X May be particularly important.
19. The additional production costs shown in Tables 3 and 6 for the various techniques are estimates of manufacturing cost and not retail prices.
It is important to monitor compliance at the production stage and also according to the results of the vehicle in use to ensure that the emission reduction potential of the emission standards is achieved in practice.
21. Techniques that involve the use of or are based on catalytic converters require unleaded fuel. The free movement of vehicles equipped with such a converter is subject to the availability of unleaded fuel everywhere.
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel-Specific Cars (M 1 )
Table 2 summarizes four emission standards. These standards are used in Table 3 to consolidate the different engine technologies applicable to gasoline vehicles according to their NO emission reduction potential X .
Table 2
Definition of emission standards
| Standard |
Limits |
Comments |
| A. ECE R.15-04 |
HC + NO X : 19-28 g/test |
Current UNECE Standard (Regulations N O 15, including the series of amendments 04, taken in accordance with the 1958 Agreement referred to in paragraph 16 above), also adopted by the European Economic Community (Directive 83/351). Urban Conduct Test Cycle ECE R. 15. The emission limit varies with the mass of the vehicle. |
| B. "Luxembourg 1985" |
HC + NO X : 1.4-2.0 l: 8.0 g/test This standard applies only to this engine group (<1.4 1: 15.0 g/test > 2.01: 6.5 g/test) |
These standards will be introduced during the period 1988-1993 in the European Economic Community according to the debate held at the meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Community in Luxembourg in 1985 and the final decision taken in December 1987. The urban driving test cycle ECE R. 15 applies. The standard for engines > 2 1 is generally equivalent to the US 1983 standard. The standard for engines < 1.4 1 is provisional, the final standard is to be developed. The standard for engines from 1.4 to 2.0 applies to all diesel cars > 1.4 1. |
| C. "Stockholm 1985" |
NO X : 0.62 g/km NO X : 0.76 g/km |
Standard for national legislation based on the "framework document" drawn up after the Ministers' Meeting of the Heads of Government of eight countries in Stockholm in 1985. Corresponds to the US 1987 standards with the following test procedures: US Federal Test Procedure (1975). Highway fuel economy test procedure. |
| D. "California 1989" |
NO X : 0.25 g/km |
This standard will be introduced in the state of California (United States of America) from the 1989 models. US Federal Test Procedure. |
Table 3
Techniques for gasoline engines, emission results, costs and fuel consumption corresponding to emission standards
| Standard |
Technical |
Composite reduction 1) Of NO X % |
Additional Cost of Production 2 (Swiss Francs 1986) |
Fuel Consumption Index 1) |
|
| A. |
Reference (current conventional spark ignition engine with carburetor) |
- 3) |
- |
100 |
|
| B. |
(a) |
Fuel Injection + RGE + Secondary Air 4) |
25 |
200 |
105 |
| (b) |
Three-way open loop catalyst (+ RGE) |
55 |
150 |
103 |
|
| (c) |
Poor mixing engine with oxyda-tion catalyst (+ RGE) 5) |
60 |
200-600 |
90 |
|
| C. |
Three-lane closed-loop catalyst |
90 |
300-600 |
95 |
|
| D. |
Three-lane closed-loop catalyst (+ RGE) |
92 |
350-650 |
98 |
|
| 1) |
The estimates for the NO composite reduction X And the fuel consumption index relate to a European average weight car operating under average driving conditions in Europe. |
||||
| Additional production costs could be expressed as a percentage of the total cost of the vehicle. However, since cost estimates are primarily intended to be compared in relative terms, the wording of the original documents has been retained. |
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| NO Composite Emission Factor X = 2.6 g/km. |
|||||
| RGE: Exhaust gas recycling. |
|||||
| Only based on experimental engine data. There is virtually no production of lean-mix motor vehicles. |
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23. Emission standards A, B, C and D include emission limits not only for NO X But also for hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The estimated emission reductions for these pollutants, as compared to ECE R. 15 -04, are shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Estimated reductions in HC and CO emissions from gasoline-powered passenger cars based on different techniques
| Standard |
Technical |
HC Reduction % |
CO % Reduction |
|
| B. |
A) b) c) |
Fuel Injection + RGE + Secondary Air Catalyst with Three-Way Open Loop (+ RGE) Low Oxidation Catalyst (+ RGE) Engine |
30-40 50-60 70-90 |
50 40-50 70-90 |
| C. |
Three-lane closed-loop catalyst |
90 |
90 |
|
| D. |
Three-lane closed-loop catalyst (+ RGE) |
90 |
90 |
|
24. Existing diesel cars can meet NO emission requirements X Set by standards A, B and C. The stringent requirements for particulate matter emissions and the stringent limits for NO X Of standard D means that diesel-specific passenger cars will require new developments, possibly including electronic control of the power pump, advanced fuel injection systems, recycling of Exhaust gas and particulate traps. At present, there are only experimental vehicles. (See also Table 6, note 1) .)
Other light commercial vehicles (N 1 )
25. The control methods for passenger cars are applicable, but the following factors may be different: NO reduction X , costs and time to start commercial production.
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (M 2 , M 3 , N 2 , N 3 )
26. This type of vehicle is of negligible importance in Western Europe and decreases in Eastern Europe. The emission levels of NO X US-1990 and US-1991 (see Table 5) could be achieved, at a modest cost, without significant technical progress.
Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (M 2 , M 3 , N 2 , N 3 )
27. Three emission standards are summarized in Table 5. They are included in Table 6 to group the engine technologies applicable to heavy-duty diesel vehicles according to the NO reduction potential X The engine reference configuration is changing, with the tendency to replace natural suction engines with turbocharger engines. This trend has implications for improved fuel reference consumption values. Therefore, no comparative consumption estimate is given here.
Table 5
Definition of emission standards
| Standard |
NO Limits X (g/kWh) |
Comments |
|
| I II III |
ECE R.49 US-1990 US-1991 |
18 8.0 6.7 |
13-mode test Test under transient conditions Test under transient conditions |
Table 6
Heavy diesel engines: techniques, emission results 1) And costs corresponding to the level of emission standards
| Standard |
Technical |
Estimated NO Reduction X (%) |
Additional cost of production (US dollars) 1984) |
| I |
Current Direct Injection Diesel Engine |
- |
- |
| II 2) |
Turbocharger + intermediate cooling + injection offset (Modification of combustion chamber and ducts) (Natural suction engines will probably not be able to meet this standard) |
40 |
US$ 115 (of which US$ 69) From norm NO X ) 3) |
| III 2) |
Development of techniques listed under II as well as variable injection calming and use of electronic systems |
50 |
404 United States dollars (of which US$ 68. From norm NO X ) 3) |
| 1) |
An alteration in the quality of diesel fuel would have an adverse impact on the emission and could affect fuel consumption for both light and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. |
||
| There is still a need to check the availability of new components. |
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| The difference is due to the control of particulate emissions and other considerations. |
The Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland,
Which will sign the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxs (hereinafter referred to as the "Protocol"), 4
Considering that nitrogen oxides by themselves and combined with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have particularly harmful effects on the environment and health;
Recalling that the Executive Body of the Convention recognized at its second session in 1984 " the need for States to effectively reduce by 1995 their annual rate of emissions of nitrogen oxides from stationary or mobile sources, Their cross-border flows ";
Recalling also that the Executive Body of the Convention, at its fifth session in 1987, " recognized the importance of environmental damage in many countries by emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which, by Reaction with nitrogen oxides, contribute to the formation of photochemical oxidants such as ozone, and therefore considered it necessary to effectively reduce VOC emissions ";
Welcoming the signing of the Protocol by the Parties to the Convention on the occasion of the sixth session of the Executive Body in Sofia on 1 Er November 1988;
Considering that, in addition to the measures provided for in the Protocol, an immediate and effective reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions is necessary;
Declare:
In witness whereof, The undersigned have signed this Declaration.
Done at Sofia on 31 October 1988.
Following are the signatures
| States Parties |
Ratification Accession (A) Declaration of succession (S) |
Entry into force |
||
| Albania |
June 16 |
2009 A |
September 14 |
2009 |
| Germany |
16 November |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Austria |
15 January |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Belarus |
8 June |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Belgium |
8 November |
2000 |
February 6 |
2001 |
| Bulgaria |
30 March |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Canada |
25 January |
1991 |
April 25 |
1991 |
| Cyprus |
2 September |
2004 A |
1 Er December |
2004 |
| Croatia |
3 March |
2008 A |
1 Er June |
2008 |
| Denmark * A |
1 Er March |
1993 |
30 May |
1993 |
| Spain |
4 December |
1990 |
March 4 |
1991 |
| Estonia |
7 March |
2000 A |
5 June |
2000 |
| United States |
July 13 |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Finland |
1 Er February |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| France |
July 20 |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Greece |
29 April |
1998 |
28 July |
1998 |
| Hungary |
12 November |
1991 |
10 February |
1992 |
| Ireland |
17 October |
1994 |
15 January |
1995 |
| Italy |
19 May |
1992 |
August 17 |
1992 |
| Liechtenstein |
24 March |
1994 |
22 June |
1994 |
| Lithuania |
26 May |
2006 A |
August 24 |
2006 |
| Luxembourg |
4 October |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Macedonia |
10 March |
2010 A |
8 June |
2010 |
| Norway |
11 October |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Netherlands * B |
11 October |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Poland |
23 November |
2011 |
21 February |
2012 |
| Czech Republic |
September 30 |
1993 S |
1 Er January |
1993 |
| United Kingdom * |
15 October |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Akrotiri and Dhekelia |
15 October |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Guernsey |
15 October |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Isle of Man |
15 October |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Jersey |
15 October |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Russia |
21 June |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Slovakia |
28 May |
1993 S |
1 Er January |
1993 |
| Slovenia |
5 January |
2006 A |
5 April |
2006 |
| Sweden |
27 July |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Switzerland |
18 September |
1990 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| Ukraine |
24 July |
1989 |
February 14 |
1991 |
| European Union |
17 December |
1993 A |
March 17 |
1994 |
| * |
Reservations and declarations. Reservations and declarations are not published in the RO. The texts in English and French can be found at the United Nations Internet site: http://treaties.un.org/ or obtained from the Directorate of Public International Law (DDIP), International Treaty Section, 3003 Berne. |
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| A |
The Protocol does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. |
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| B |
For the Kingdom in Europe. |
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1 Air Pollution Studies N O 4 (United Nations publication, Sales No.
2 It is currently difficult to provide reliable data, in absolute terms, on the costs of anti-emission technologies. Therefore, with regard to the costs indicated in this Annex, the emphasis should be placed on the relationship between the costs of the different technologies rather than on absolute costed costs.
3 The operating experience of this combustion technique is limited.
4 Adopted by the Executive Body of the Convention at its sixth session (31 oct. -4 Nov 1988).
5 RO 1991 1522, 2004 4355, 2007 5205, 2011 621, 2014 595. A version of the updated scope of application is published on the DFAE website (www.dfae.admin.ch/traites).
