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Legislation To Gully Reclamation

Original Language Title: Normativa Per Bonifica Calanchiva

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LAW November 14, 1985 145 (published November 28, 1985)
Statement to gully reclamation.

We the Captains Regent of the Most Serene Republic of San Marino
promulgate and publish the following law approved by the Great and General Council
its meeting of 14 November 1985.
Art. 1
general remediation plan
Under Article. 13 of the Law on "Development plan of agriculture San Marino" n.
22 of 20 March 1974 and the Decree 22 July 1974 66 of the "General Plan for the reclamation of eroded areas and accommodation
of the waterways leading", formed by the report and by mapping and attached to | || this Act applies to the whole territory according to the requirements set forth in these rules.
The Planning Commission, following the joint positive opinion of the Department of Land, Office
Agricultural and Forestry and dell'AASP, can make changes or additions to cartography
referred to in the preceding paragraph, or refer to the relevant implementation City Planning office.
Art. 2
Utilities works
All reclamation works included in the "Plan" and any changes or additions that
art. 1 are declared, in accordance with the Law "On the regime of soils and exports of properties
for public use" 18 of March 15, 1980, in the public interest.
Art. 3
of temporary employment Declaration
The areas necessary for the implementation of the reclamation works for the construction of service roads,
for shipyards plant, for the storage of materials, for the transit of means and for any other use
essential for the execution of the works, even if these areas are not included in the cartography of
art. 1, are subject to temporary occupation for a period not exceeding six years
available on the Planning Commission.
Art. 4
mode for the temporary occupation
The Agricultural Planning Office Office officials heard the opinion that dell'AASP
intend to promote the temporary employment process must prepare for the Planning Commission a
Explanatory report of the works to be carried out, accompanied by a
plan that identifies the property to be occupied with an indication of the time that
employment must continue and a list of current holders registered in the public land register.
The Planning Commission, assessing its consistency of the proposal with "Reclamation
General Plan", may order the temporary occupation of the property for a period of not more than six years
. In this case the real property may be materially occupied
immediately after recognition of the state of texture and rd tion of the minutes in the ways and terms
provided by the 2nd and 3rd paragraph of art. 12 of 18 of the Law of 15 March 1980.
Art. 5
Drafting of the state of consistency
The Autonomous University of the State Production Company, based on the consistency of the situation, resulting from
verbal, shall determine the extent dell'inden ity to be paid to the owner for || | the possible loss of the fruits existing pending at the time of employment.
No other damages shall be admitted arising from the loss of income resulting employment
of the areas in question.
Owners are required to compensate, in their limits on compensation payable, any
usufructuaries, tenants, sharecroppers and others who can claim any right on the hanging fruits.
The minutes of the state of texture and fine extent determined dall'AASP
are communicated by the planning to the owner by registered letter R / R.
Art. 6

The Expropriation of land portions, subject to temporary occupation of art. 3 that, within
six years, have been affected by land reclamation or service roads are subject to expropriation
according to specifications provided by the "Law on the regime of the" n soil. 18 of 15 March 1980.
The areas subject to expropriation may be sold in the know to neighboring and / or adjacent to agricultural purposes only
.
For areas for which in six years has not been decreed the expropriation in favor of the state will decay
the provision of temporary employment.
The compensation for the expropriation of these areas will be equal to fifty per cent of the agricultural value
uncultivated land in relation to the types of crops in place at the time of the drafting of the state in accordance with consistency
' art. 20 of Law 15 March 1980 n.18.
Art. 7
cadastral Frazionamenti
The Department of Land, through the Technical Department of Cadastre, writes the splits

About the extent of the land to be expropriated, and send a copy of the fractionation types to
concerned that within fifteen days of notification can submit motivated appeal.
If an appeal cadastral data resulting from the type of fractionation means definitive and
will be sent to the Legal Department of the Corporate Affairs Department for the definition of
practice of expropriation.
Art. 8
Maintenance works
The maintenance of roads and primary remediation works will be edited and state expense.
The viability of the service roads is regulated d signs.
Art. 9
cultural constraints and hydrogeological
The badland areas identified in the plans attached to the
badland areas Reclamation General Plan are subject to the following cultural and hydrogeological constraints:
1) may be subject to cultivation with crops alternated that land with a slope below 25%
plowed to a depth of 50 cm. For land with a slope of up to 35% is
implement plowing up to 35 cm. of depth, in addition to 35% may not take land reclamation of land
.
2) For areas including the reclamation plan, saràritenuta valid paper of agricultural vocations and limits of use
drafted by Urbanism which already takes into account the slope, the stability and
lithological nature and soil of the land.
3) can be performed only reforestation of reclaimed land with a slope of less than 25%
bearing in mind the following rules:
a) reforestation ban on reins;
B) can be performed at the edge of the forest plantations were leaving
appropriate distances such as to safeguard the stability and allow maintenance to the sewage networks;
C) reforestation must be previously au orizzati by Agrario heard
dell'AASP opinion that the maintenance of sup rfici badland indicating the
species to be planted, considered more ' suitable as the second type of soil and slopes.
4) In the reclaimed areas where grazing is permitted it will provide the following standards:
a) grazing period 15 April to 31 October;
B) the load of animals per hectare. and the turn of grazing, must be proportionate to the characteristics
Turfgrass and the nature of the terrain, with a maximum of 1.5 chiefs in Ha load. preparing
areas into lots of grazing;
C) no grazing on the bridle, on the banks, with the obligation to protect such works with
fence;
D) in these areas is not permitted grazing for herds of sheep and goats.
5) All works to be carried out by culturing
must be previously agreed with the Agricultural Office, on the basis of a phased plan of action after consultation dell'AASP

any pointers, notwithstanding the constraints, related to the management and operations of the safe areas
subject of culture and hydrogeological constraint, they will be issued by the Agricultural and Forestry on the basis of precise
executive plans which would enable a better use marginal areas after consultation of the relevant sectors dell'AASP

6) For hydrogeological constraints must be considered:
a) planimetric and topographic demarcation of ar and gully area in appropriate scale
(1: 500/1: 200);
B) the definition of hydraulic technical criteria and slope stability adopted to assess the profile of the rod balance
torrential and the benefit "technical" consequent remediation;
C) geological and structural interactions between river basins.
Art. 10

Supervision Supervision in accordance with the hydrogeological constraints lies with the Department of Land, according
with AASP, while supervising compliance of crop constraints for the Office Agricultural and Forestry
.
The supervision shall be exercised by regular inspection with relative drafting of appropriate verbal
signed by staff.
The Office security guard if it finds undanno works determines the amount
placing the responsibility of the owner or the tenant with a copy all'AASP
The recast of the damage must be made within 30 days from communication.
In case of failure to pay the Public Administration shall be covered by the summary procedure
hand directing.
In case of relapse in non-compliance with the constraints we proceed forced expropriation of land.
The expropriation must be made in the ways and forms pr views the laws on expropriation for public utility
, but by the AER value estimates are excluding certain increases in value
from the reclamation works carried out by the state.
Art. 11
Completion works

They are considered works of completion of land reclamation those that the "Plan" indicates with the expression
"the extensive nature works."
Respectively these small dams in ditches econdari, the livellari dimples, ditches to look at it, the drainage
well as all other works aimed at regimaz one of surface and ground waters;
are also considered as such the scoronamenti and modellamenti of slope which render pascolabili or
cropland now abandoned, but cultivated or poorly utilized.
The completion works can be performed only by individuals with the consent of the Technical Committee after consultation dell'AASP
Construction Office and the Agricultural and Forestry.
The eligible expenditure for the execution of the works of completion of remediation works
approved by the competent bodies, as well as those needed for initial cultivation of soils
cleared, the conductors can benefit from the contributions provided From law. These contributions
will be granted by the Commission Agriculture and Forestry, upon presentation of the regular execution
certificate granted dall'AASP
The ordinary and extraordinary maintenance of the works of completion will be performed by
and spending private.
Art. 12

inconsistent regulations are repealed the second and the third paragraph of Art. 13 and Article. 14 of Law 20 March 1974 n.22
(the Agricultural Development Plan San Marino).
Art. 13
This Law shall enter into force on the 5th day after its legal publication.
Our Residence, this day of 18 November 1985/1685 Foundation of the Republic THE CAPTAINS REGENT

Pier Paolo Gasperoni - Ubaldo Biordi

THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INTERNAL AFFAIRS
Alvaro Selva | ||



REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO
Department of Public Works Department of Agriculture

of the areas Reclamation General Plan of arrangement of gullies and streams leading

Report March 1977 | Preface ||
the Republic of San Marino, with its twenty thousand abitnti on a territory that just exceeds
six thousand hectares, has a population density among the most 'highest in Europe. It therefore includes
because its limited area is to be used in millet way possible. This eventually
proposes the law of 20 March 1974 between in this "General Plan for the Decontamination of badland areas
and hydraulic arrangement of the main waterways" its fundamental tool.
Indeed, with the implementation of this program of work it is iuscirà to stop the hydrogeological disorder land
and to recall the surfaces that lend themselves to the exercise of profitable agriculture.
Similarly to what happened in many mountain areas of Italy, also in the Republic of San Marino
many forests were cut down to make way for crops
needed to feed a growing population. The clearing of the forests that cloaked the
slopes of Titan - attest to the historical names of several locations: La Bosca, La Selva, the Fosso of Beech etc.
. - Exposes the land more 'steep degradation, mainly due to the runoff of water
. Formed so imposing and dramatic ravines, not without their rugged beauty that
given the high landscape value, should be stored m content; which imposes land reclamation and protection
only by analogy with what was fat from the Consortium of Reclamation in the territory of Brisighella hilly
.
The Plan of works presented here affects 1,200 hectares of which 170 covered by fans
ravines non-recoverable agriculture. Other soils, uneven or degradation phase, after
accommodation may be intended partly to crops of high income and partly to production
forage to increase the deficient livestock.
An examination of the rehabilitation plan becomes obvious that the protection of soil and water regulation
represent the most 'important moment of the work to be done, the more' that the waters
rain, rushing downstream on a steep slope, Excise
about ninety thousand tons of soil each year. That's why you imbrigare the waters, and perhaps pick them in suitable containers, for
create the necessary conditions for the exercise of a profitable agriculture.
This plan remediation studied by Dr. Livio Ravagni Faenza, with the cooperation, for
geological part, the clear Prof. Mario Bertolani of the University of Modena, assisted by Dr.
Loschi Ghittoni , it represents an important contribution to the protection of the territory of the Republic of San Marino
: this small but bright beacon of Civilization that, over the centuries, has been able

Keep intact its old systems.
G.
M
and

ici Rome, 19 April 1978
PRESENTATION

The problem of gullies reclamation has always been the subject of study and particular attention
part of the political establishment who saw in the resolution of these problems, a guarantee for the protection and
protection of the territory of our republic.
The first land reclamation began about 30 years ago, with the construction of sixty
water projects of various kinds, at a cost, in those days, more than 100 million.
The interventions were limited here in basins where the degree of instability very advanced ages, while already
his way the opportunity to solve the drainage problem in its entirety and throughout the territory
.
The Government, with the law of 20 March 1974 n. 22 on the "Agricultural Development Plan
San Marino", clearly pointed to that and, c provided for by article. 13, he commissioned
Office Agricultural and Forestry and the Technical Office to prepare, within two years after entry into force of the law
, a general comprehensive plan of bon cunt of badland areas.
If you want to enter into the merits of the content and objectives of the Plan, you must immediately start by saying that
it will require not only financial commitments for a period of at least 10 years, but also of some significance
commitments by our state technical bodies.
Bases think in fact that of 6,120 Ha. Of our territory, well 1,187 Ha., Equivalent to about 20%, clay
in distress, and that the main hydrographic network has a development of 158 Km., To make themselves
account the need to carry out the work of bonfica planned on schedule by
General Plan.
The work for the next decade 11978-87 involve the construction of new works for about 4
billion lire and the restoration and maintenance of existing ones to about 500 million.
The new works will consist of 362 dams of various types, drainage for 2,100 ml. development, defense
sliding and repellents ml. 700, Km. 12.5 of new service roads and reforestation for a total of 15
Ha.
A complete remediation will be restored to agriculture around 1,000 Ha. Of land, which
may be intended mostly for grazing, as well as arable crops or specialized
.
We feel obliged to point out, again, that the r izing of this plan will mean for our Republic
a very important step towards a better balance between man and environment.
Finally, we wish to thank Senator Prof. Giuseppe Medici who, in his capacity as President of the National Association of Reclamation
Italian Consortia, wanted to express his high
satisfaction for the important initiative taken the San Marino Government.
A heartfelt thanks also to Dott. Livio Rivangai, the geologist Prof. Mario Bertolani and his collaborator Dr. Anna
Loschi Ghittoni and Technicians of Brisighella Consortium, the
which, with their experience in the tradi, have made a complete and detailed
plan, both in the phase of program that makes progett, and easy to implement the planned works
.
Engineer Head of Technical State University, the Director of the Agricultural and Forestry,
technicians and workers who have been appointed to a be tion of the Plan, we formulate the most 'sincere
bode work. The Deputy Agriculture

The Deputy Public Works


- The Plan was drawn up by the "Consorzio di Brisighella" - Faenza - by:
Ravagni dr. Livio - Rivola surveyor. Cesare - Giovanni Santini pa - Fagnocchi surveyor. Angelo -
De Benedetto Marcello - Visiani Veltra.
- The geological and petrographic study has been prepared by:
Bertolini prof. Mario - Loschi Ghittoni dr. Anna.
- Cooperating Offices: Technical, Agricultural-Forestry and Land Registry of the Republic of San Marino
.


REPORT NOTES INTRODUCTORY
"With their steep cliffs, jagged pinnacles and narrow ridges, which seen from above and from the South
are all in a succession of different stories like a vast stage arid and blinding
under the blazing sun, fantastic opaque whiteness under the full moon, the badlands are a major element of our
hilly landscape ".
So you expressed the topic Faenza Giacometti nl 1927 in a paper entitled "Reclamation of
badlands area" referring to Brisighella landscape, in the Province of Ravenna, which in many aspects
is found in all areas clay furrowed by gullies phenomenon.
It is certain that between the erosion of soil, badland formations are without doubt

The most 'striking the Italian hills, and in the narrow perimeter of the San Marino Republic
, given the easy overview offered throughout the territory from the heights of Mount Titano, it definitely takes
particular importance leaving puzzled the visitor and worried the coach.
If the first one can be surprised and admired by the scenario described so effectively by
Giacometti, the second immediately arises the problem of hydrogeological of many areas of the territory
noting the need and the urgency to oppose a ruin that
advances inexorably, without hiding the technical difficulties and high cost.
How, when it formed the badlands?
It 's impossible to call it, Certainly their origin certainly coincides with the destruction of oak woods
once rooted on a "hat" of the Pliocene clays and sandstones superimposed
scaly.
As stated in their report of Eng. Zani, M Ages in the Republic of San Marino was a great forest
and confirmation and proof of this, there are still numerous villages preserving
then the original name suggested by the presence of the forest, and now decidedly improper | || and almost ironic, for the absolute absence of any ociazione with tree crown.
We want to mention a few names among the most 'known:
"Bosco" and "Rovereta" to St. John under the pens, "La Bosca" in Chiesanuova, "The Bosche"
in Serravalle, "The spots "and" Fosso of Beech 'Montegiardino, "Selva" to Fiorentino,
"Montecerreto" and "Gualdicciolo" (small wood) in Acquaviva.
Of Statutes of 1245 is, however, that the ancient territory of the Republic was divided into ten
"gualdarie" that in ten wooded areas with their respective forests.
Destroyed the topsoil, who died humoso and sandstone layer, began the disintegration of the mass
clay evolved over time in the typical morphoL already burronata "fan."
Many generations of farmers have occurred since the first form of the gullies, resigned and imposing
face of ongoing erosion cheinesorabilmente reduced their properties
threatening crops, roads and houses themselves.
The gully erosion, the landslides, the runoff of soil have always been
considered incurable diseases, and, in their innate resignation, rural people have always
watched them with fatalistic spirit.
Even today, unfortunately, is not only on the part of inexperienced farmers, it is deemed too expensive
almost a waste of money, the intervention sistematorio in badland areas.
Apart from the direct benefits that a comprehensive remediation can lead to the actual conquest of large areas
suitable for the agrarian production (just look at the results in some ravines basins
of the Lamone and Senio valleys), should It is considered the indirect benefit from it
it comes difficult to evaluate but certainly of great value, such as preventive action to safeguard
of the whole territory.
No one wants to disregard that gully reclamation involves a sacrifice, commitment and remarkable
cost, borne by all of society, but this does not mean that the parisembra waste of money and energy
.
In fact, the origin cure the hydraulic disorder, avoiding serious damage to rivers valleys, rend King can
a more 'wide culture of extensive, subtract productive land to a safe ruin
guard the infrastructure basis for the life of a country, protecting the civilian settlements, giving
security and tranquility to the population, appear important issues transcend the limits of
a consideration on the immediate economic benefit, and leave no room for doubt about the | || do or not do.
At the beginning of the century, in agrariamente most 'evolved Emilia Romagna continuous descent
clay, cast in compluvia ravines, suggested as an intuitive defense work by
willing owners, the construction of simple transverse levees on the bottom of the rivers, made of the same clay material
proceeds on site, and so began the gully reclamation.
These initiatives, however modest they found insurmountable limits of extension and effectiveness in
against property and lacked the necessary spreading and organic.
It was necessary for the owners to get together and to their operational capacity to join the action
state.
First, in 1910, was born in Brisighella, in the Province of Ravenna, the basins
Montani Consortium of Brisighella who, making use of the laws providences on hydraulic-accommodation

forestry, organic criterion dealt with the arrangement of gullies beginning it with a vast
harnessing of the main canals.
The Consortium made school in the specific field, and on the trail were born other consortia with great profit
put into practice his methods of arrangement.
As stated by Eng. A. Lonfernini the monthly publication "The Farmer Sammarinese"
in December 1976, already in 1931, Dr. Nando Giacometti then President of Brisighella and Expert
Consorzio Agrario Consortium Basins Montani of Marano sul Panaro, called to examine the gully
situation of San Marino, denounced the gravity of the situation and proposed a comprehensive action
long-term remediation.
In 1950 Eng. Zani, in collaboration with the engineers of Brisighella Consortium, headed by the late
Ing. Dino Bubani, master in chief of accommodations, resumed in a clear voice the issue of remediation
gully with large relzione demonstrating the need for action and he posed the problem
to political organizations invoking organic and postponed measures.
The appeal was taken up and also in this period was followed by a remarkable series of interventions in various basins
however, that not having a continuing character and organic for not processing a
general plan of remediation, they remained poorly functional isolated examples.
Finally the Law on Agriculture Development Plan Sammarinese imposed in 1974
Office Agricultural and Forestry and the State Bureau of Technical set up within two years a general organic
floor of badland areas providing in absence of private initiative, the intervention of the State
including through compulsory acquisition of land which, upon completion of remediation, will be sold in
rent to the former owners.
Recalling the useful contribution made by the Consortium of Brisighella based in Faenza in the fifties,
in the fall of 1974 was resumed contact with said body and having carried out in May 1975
a visit to the works it made nellazon of Brisighella, he was commissioned at the same
Consortium to proceed with the drafting of the "General Plan of the gully area Reclamation",
in close collaboration with the Technical Department and the Agricultural Bureau of Forestry San Marino.
The work of study and survey began in late summer 1975 were interrupted in the fall because
of the government crisis in that period and the surrounding landscape, only resumed in the summer of
1976 were completed in October of the same year.
During the intervention was made complete processing of Pine Decennial
which was presented to the relevant offices in March 1977.

1. CRITERIA AND INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES OF THE PLAN

Considering just useful to proceed to a global generalized study, although deep and rich scientific notions
, but poor in practical indications - as too often happens in
studies related to land-use planning - you have oriented towards a form of constructive investigation,
exhausting but certainly the most 'secure, obtaining a genuine master plan, on which
find good basis and safe driving the annual executive design.
It has achieved this result along minutely whole gully area, noting with
accurately geo-physical and hydraulic characteristics of the various basins, identifying all the works of the existing reclamation and locating
all new buildings to be constructed .
Of a careful examination of the existing works have emerged the need manutentorie,
illustrated in detail to every single artifact.
For new works, as well as the location, you statoindicato the "type" and, as a broad maximum, the
main structural measures and the approximate cost considering the average unit cost
studied for various types of works.
Were found on site some sections of main water courses and studied their compensation
profiles.
Given the large differences in these clays, by the geologist prof. Mario Bertolani
University of Modena and his assistant Dr. Anna Giustina Loschi Ghittoni, were
esaminari, numerous soil samples to have conclusive data on the physico-chemical characteristics of the various soils
.
In traversing the various areas, it has made particular attention not only to the works of reclamation
implement, the possibility of recovery of vast badland areas to agricultural purposes, pastureland and forest.
Given the extent and the articulated morphology of gully area, occupied an area of ​​about 1,200 hectares
, underlying and surrounding the limestone massif of Mount Titano (m. 739) completely resting on

A clay floor, for convenience, in order to av King more 'easily the territory "in-hand",
based on hydraulic considerations, geo-morphological and practical, the territory has been
divided into eleven "hydrographic units" or "reservoirs" marked with the letter a to the letter M that
well as correspond to distinct hydro-geomorfolgiche situations and easily identifiable,
allow a more 'easy identification of phenomena and work described in the plan.
In 1950 Eng. Zani, in a pregievole and appassionat study on hydro-geological and socio-economic
of San Marino rural area conditions, a chapter called "erosions and landslides
San Marino" literally wrote: "The discouraging conditions
territory of our Republic can be summarized in a few words: no longer exists' a plot of palm that is stationary and
80% of homes are damaged for her or "movements.
And again: "... between two hundred years on most hills of the Republic is the agricultural soil
will be destroyed."
To substantiate this claim, and the agreement, the Zani, who apparently knew the
territory, continue for several pages with the description of a series of failures in the various areas
giving special tiny and concluded the chapter by saying that it is "scourge."
Without being so pessimistic and catastrophic as the author cited, certainly we can say that the general
hydro-geological situation of the Republic is worrying: soil erosion, phenomena
landslides and disorder hydraulics are definitely posters and a comprehensive plan of action for the
soil conservation and water regulation is pre enta urgent and imperative.
Among the various phenomena of instability, the gully is undoubtedly the most 'clear and present study
proposes to deal with a comprehensive program of measures to be implemented over a
the decade from 1977 to 1986.
These interventions will be aimed at easing the gradients of the streams through ravines works cross
correction and containment properties of the materials washed them.
Once you have a good arrangement of the bottom, as well as prevent or limit the landslide slopes of
frequently slip downstream for movement ent gravitational once waterlogged
, it will be possible for farmers, cn State support provided by law,
modeling large badland surfaces, inerbirle and use them mainly for grazing.
They will then own production yields large surfaces in the more 'lack and most' important of the local agricultural industry
: the animal husbandry sector.
In some particular area can also be fairy qu lche agrarian culture and some
reforestation.
The erosion phenomenon, with a succession of works started in each individual basin at the bottom and
continued upwards gradually and continuity, will be contained and limited to the most 'high
amphitheater gullies where it is so steep slope, sometimes almost vertical, not
allows to intervene.
I already degrading border lands or in the process of degradation, which in a few decades
are destined to become as many amphitheaters ravines, once settled and moved to culture, will be
outline the "gully wound" making it even more 'stand as a typical aspect of "lunar landscape
". In fact you can not and you must not expect the change a natural landscape beyond a certain limit
.
It really would be an illusion to think to cancel entirely the ravine; can instead is put
order to avoid its extension, in order to recover the ground as much as possible, to decrease the
solid transport in the valley areas that connects CRSI the main water courses.
These are the goals of the present Plan.
The landscape will be safeguarded and the realization of a greater hydraulic order,
by the extension of a more 'flourishing agriculture also will not have you to gain from safe
also reflected on tourism.
The same arrangement gully, once completed, given that instability
similar phenomena affecting many regions of Italy and many countries of Europe, will be an attraction for scholars and technicians
and set an example well assessable given the f chile scenic land supply.

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2.1.
Gold-Hydrography The territory of San Marino, for a sq km. 61.196 extends on the Adriatic coast of the Italian peninsula
in correspondence of the first mountains of the Apennines, at the foot of
Montefeltro between the regions of Emilia-Romagna and Marche.

It borders in fact to the north and east with the province of Forlì, in the south and west with the province of Pesaro.
Its North Eastern border, coincides with the most 'low land whose share slightly above the
m. 100, is a little more 'than ten kilometers from the Adriatic Sea at
important seaside resort of Rimini.
In its geo-physical appearance does not differ substantially from these two regions which summarizes
"facies" geological more 'features: from pliceniche clays, scaly features of Romagna
to the characteristic limestone massifs of the Marche.
Peculiar and amazing panoramic is the grandeur of the rocky mass that rises almost to the center of the territories
with an eastern ridge from north to south, overlooking the entire area for about 1.5 km.,
culminating in the peaks of Mount Titano and Rocca share respectively 739 and 738.
because orography characterized by the central dominance of Mount Titano, which allows the most 'different exposures
land, the morphology of the whole the territory is very troubled and complex
idrograficamente because disorderly continuously crossed by countless canals
of all levels that constitute a very complex hydrological system.
The "wires" are still the main three:
1) The torrent Marano, with a basin of square kilometers. 21,34 which partially delimits the State
border to the east with the province of Forli.
2) The Ausa river, with a basin of square kilometers. 19,17 in the most 'northern hemisphere.
3) The stream San Marino, a tributary to the right of the Marecchia, with a basin of square kilometers. 20,69
in the western part which marks the border with the Province of Pesaro.
They are all waterways eminently torr ntizio regime presenting severe erosion of the bottom
in the upper reaches and valleys trunks; impressive in disposing of the mass of materials that flow
with the floods, rise again the beds with gravel materials and erode the banks.
The first have little time, but in a few hours raggiunono the highest levels and just as quickly
decrease and then diminish slowly.
In the three main rods are inserted, almost sempr orthogonally and with steep slopes, the tributaries
that if in the case of the Ausa creek affecting both sides, in the case of the stream
Marano and the lower trunk of the stream San Marino only interested respectively
left side and the right side.
Except for the two major tributaries of the Marano stream called Rio di Cà Chiavello and Rio
Fiumicello, the tributaries of the limited transverse width of the main river basins, I have recently extended
and this helps to make a very short the corrivazioni in major auction time.
Another feature of the main hydrographic system is the enormous water turbidity in
busy periods because the large and medium transport equipment, plus the significant mass of tiny
of clay particles in suspension resulting from ravines basins where the water
and sliding doors have easy disruptive action.
That clay, for his ability to stay a long time and for a long stretch in suspension, is
"the solid pitfall" most 'dangerous because it undermines the hydraulic balance of rivers, raising their || | maximum flood levels, both with the current slowdown is with raising the river bed
because of the depositary of suspended material.
We do not possess information about the outflows, the maximum flow and turbidity in major basins in
various seasons; potendoli achieve with direct observations we would definitely interesting data and useful
for all hydraulic studies.
About turbidity phenomenon, it is a geo-hydrological system similar to that of
Romagna, where this has been established, we could certainly see that in correspondence with the full spring and autumn
(following of disruptions operated on clays from frost and summer heat
), the turbid runoff is greatest.
Making use of observations carried out by the Service Idr graph for several rivers
Emilia-Romagna, and particularly according to the data offered by the river basin Lamone
studied in Faenza in locations Sarna, upstream the Via Emilia to the border of the gully area, you can be assumed that the
runoff coefficient for the waterways in question can be between the values ​​0.55 and 0.65
considering the high impermeability their watersheds.
Equally significant for our study are the data related to the turbidity that, as observed in
long periods in Emilia Romagna, the values ​​are between 10,000 to 30,000 tonn./kmq.

Even if we refer to a mean value of 1500 tonn./kmq./anno, in the three basins considered
we will have an impoverishment earthy:
32,000 tons. in the basin of the stream Marano
28,700 tons. in the basin of the stream Ausa
31,035 tons. in the basin of the stream San Marino
for a total of 91,735 tons. of removed soil.
Wanting to represent such a loss as a decrease of the thickness of the entire surface, it
corresponds to a widespread erosion seems to mm. 0.15 per year.
It seems little, very little indeed, but in reality it is a very high value and worrying
for soil conservation if proittato in time which of course with regard to that
problem can only be considered in an arc centuries.

2.2 meteorology Of all the meteorological data, the purpose of our study mainly affect those on
precipitation and then, for data that has been possible to obtain, we will focus on puliviometrico
regime recital the peculiarities of Section Hydrographic where lies the territory of the Republic
, including the coastal area included between the mouth of the Marecchia and the creek Vibrata
with its hinterland.
It is characterized by a dominant precipitation type that can be defined as intermediate between that
Apennine sub-coastal and maritime (publication no. 24 of the Hydrographic Service-fasc. II).
The annual maximum occurs normally during the autumn season (in the type
maritime pluviometric it occurs in winter) and running between the maximum and minimum total monthly
in-digit percentage of the overall average, ggiunge a value close to 100. (in the kind maritime
this figure is largely exceeded, in sub-coastal type Apennine is significantly lower
).
Besides, even the trend of monthly rainfall confirming what be doing the values ​​typical intermediate
an obvious precipitation transaction system between the two main types mentioned
.
From the cited publication has been possible to portray the rainfall data offered by the station and San Marino
during the thirty years 1921-1950 which, in the average, lead to the following results:
mm. rainy days


January 638 February 788 March 677


April 778 May 798 June 707


July 414 August 484 September 1098


October 1209 November December 839 889


--------------------- Total 92389
The business value instead examination of the pr annual precipitations data occurred in the twenty years
1952/71 is as follows:

1952mm.610 1953mm.1130 1954mm.940


1955mm.1060 1956mm.930 1957mm.830


1958mm.780 1959mm.1070

1960mm.1000 1961mm.760 1962mm.750


1963mm.1080 1964mm. 1120

1965mm.1150 1966mm.720 1967mm.720


1968mm.930 1969mm.1040 1970mm.586


---- 1971mm.635 -------------- Media annualemm.894

From the data we can say that the preciitaz one annual average, for periods of not less than
decade hovers definitely between 900 and 950 mm.
In the same twenty-year period the monthly maximum rainfall that we report the following were noted
:
1952mm.159dicembre 1953mm.152maggio



1954mm.144maggio 1955mm.2ettembre 1956mm.323novembre


1957mm.184maggio 1958mm.230novembre 1959mm.2ettembre
|| | 1960mm.178aprile 1961mm.136ottobre


1962mm.173ottobre 1963mm.163gennaio

1964mm.286ottobre 1965mm.1ettembre 1966mm.129novembre


1967mm.109novembre 1968mm .111luglio 1969mm.156febbraio


1970mm.132dicembre 1971mm.1ettembre ---------------


Media mm.172 This average is equal to about one-fifth of the annual precipitation, and what can be deduced that
high concentration of rainfall occurs in certain months of the year usually identified with those
late fall.
In fact from these figures it is easily noted that the months more 'rainy autumn-winter
are those with the highest reported in November.
Other interesting observations emerge from datiriferiti the maximum daily rainfall that more
over the same period reaches the maximum value, with well mm. 129 in 24 hours,
July 14, 1974, followed by 124 mm. of 16 November 1956.
Between the two values ​​is certainly indicative, though apparently singular, the first, which highlights the
thunderstorms certain summer days with precipitation of exceptional violence
marked with hourly tips sometimes greater than mm. With a maximum of 50 mm. 70 (
04.11.57 and 16.10.64).
2.3 Geological formations of clayey land
The territory of the Republic of San Marino is constitute or greatly on clay formations
different age and physical and chemical characteristics currents diff.

The two main formations are those of the Pliocene clay marl and clay
Scagliose also listed as "Complex Chaotic".
The Pliocene marl clays are developed on a third of the land in the NE appears in
matching Serravalle Domagnano.
The appearance is a layered complex with mostly clay marl alternating with
sandstone layers. The latter are more 'abundant lla basis of the formation which is located in S; Therefore
the northern parts of the territory of San Marino are those of the formation roof while
basic ones appear in the middle part of the contact with the Scaly Clays territory.
The part clay usually occurs very compact and resistant to the load, however, it suffers
if directly exposed to weathering, a surface degradation that goes by the chemical descaling
to the physical action of the frost; When the clay is degraded it becomes easily
eroded by water runoff that lead deep incision and formation of
ravine. The excised clay material accumulates in the groove between the walls of the gully and constitutes
a mobile mass, subject to impregnation of water and gravitational slipping. The movement of this mass
produces resentments in ravines furrows and urges the fall of other material. The areas most
'affected by these disruptions-erosive gravitated are, starting from N to S, that of Ciarulla
W of Serravalle, one of Benefizio N of Borgo Maggiore, one of Domagnano and the
Ca Baldino in Fosso della Riva.
The formation of scaly clay occupies the part W. On it rests the Monte Titano,
until the villages of Acquaviva and Fiorentino.
The Scaly Clays appear as a chaotic mass predominantly clay incorporating
blocks and fragments mostly 'limestone. Exceptionally
you have red clay lenses. The Scaly Clays do not have layers and
are much less preconsolidate from clay marl Pliocene. They are also more 'plastic and more
' petite size.
There are also chemical and mineralogical differences that we will see later. Manufacturers may also
Scaly Clays are subject to rapid erosion sup rficiale with similar phenomena to those of the Pliocene Clays
leading to gullies systems. Of the two formations, that of Clays
Scagliose is considered the least stable, in quato is not only the altered material that tends to slip
gravitativamente, but often also the argil in place. Therefore the remediation
must take account of these different characteristics, so as to constitute the works having
present the greater plasticity clay and mobility.
The intervention areas in which the samples are to W Faetano, where
Scaly Clays, Clays with Red lenses, come in contact with Pliocene clays constituting a mixed
basin were taken between two rock types.
A zone is also to heavy erosion and Chiusa, dominated by Mount Mandra.
One last area in the badlands of Scaly Clays is located near the northern border, in
at the King's pit pouring its waters in the river Marecchia.
Overall geological study was performed on the six areas designated to get
clay characteristics not only of the two formations predominate in San Marino, but the
different levels of the same formation, with particular regard to that Pliocene presenting
continuous layering and adjust.
2.4. Geomorphological characteristics and physico himiche of clay formations
During some visits he carried out a sufficiently significant
sampling to define the different types of stone formations through the main features
physical, chemical and mineralogical.
The study in the laboratory of the samples now allows you to give a general picture of the comparative
clay materials of the Republic territories.
The tests carried out are:
- particle size analysis, conducted with sieves calibrated pipettes and Andreasen.
- Atterberg Limits according to the determination of the plasticity and the angle of internal friction
.
- Specific gravity for the calculation of the thrusts.
- Examination diffractometric to differential thermal and X-ray analysis to determine the mineralogical composition
.
- Quantitative chemical analysis.

2.4.1 Granulometric analysis The results are reported in Table 1.
Formation of Pliocene clay marl-Calabrine.
The 1-2-3 examined samples of Domagnano area.
1-2 Samples are taken at the top; the sample 1 belongs to one clay layer, the

Sample 2 to an interlayer more 'sandstone and clay sample 3 as well, is the central part of the valley
.
Typical training samples (1-3) are silty clays with insignificant percentage of sand
. It therefore has a high water resistance.
The sandy interlayers (Camp. 2) could represent waterways unless you were sitting in front of
sub-horizontal layers, which therefore have very small absorbent exposed surfaces. These layers sandy
represent less than 1% of the total mass, so they have a modest influence also
average composition of leached and ccumulati products at the bottom of valleys that
represent the most 'subject to gravitational movements materials .
Samples 6-7 are from the western area of ​​Faetano which is partly in clay marl
Pliocene-calabriane, partly in Scaly Clays. 6 The sample was collected in the most 'western
, near Cà Rigo; The sample of sandstone layers, complex that forms the basis
Pliocene. It is located in the eastern part of the outcrop. These samples exhibit the same characteristics as the clay
dell'affioramento Domagnano, with a prevalence of more
portion 'end and quantity more' sand paltry. Certainly the geological significance of
sample 7 which is in layers intercalated with those aren cei is different from that of the samples that constitute
large cylinder banks clay. In fact, the sandstone layers are rigid components ch
give greater stability to the formation. This structure greatly influences the permeability
.
The sample is from 8 Ciarulla area, at the northern border of the Republic.
The sample 14 comes instead from the area of ​​Case Suction cups, crosses the Fosso della Flocca.
These two outcrops, always crossed by ravines, represent the top of the Pliocene-
calabriana training.
It is noted that there are substantial differences in the particle size composition of the samples
the middle part of the formation (Domagnano) and the bottom (Faetano).
It is more and settlements with predominantly clay composition, almost devoid of sand, therefore high water resistance
.
Training of Scaly Clays.
The samples 4 - 5 belong to the same Fetano area, that for about half, is in Clays of
Faetano, that for about half, is in Clays marly Pliocenico-calabriane. The contact between the two formations is tectonic
.
The sample 4 is the clay more 'common, gray, chaotic containing frammetti
lithoid; 5 sample belongs to a slow red clay that, in all probability was an
continuous level with trends approximately N - S, later dismembered by tectonic.
From the point of view fgrnulometrico the two samples are virtually identical and contain a very high percentage of clay
. It can therefore be defined properly so-called clays. Waterproofing is
very high, well above even that, too high, the clay marl Pliocenico-
calibrane.
Samples 9-10 come from the head of the Rio Ca Chiavello.
The valley is crossed in heterogeneous clay, including a part with some blackish red blaze,
crossed by filoncelli fibrous calcite, the remainder consisting of normal chaotic gray clay
rich lithoid included.
The sample 9 is blackish clay, the sample 10 is a gray clay.
The features are similar. Is reached here in the sample 9 of the maximum percentage of clay
, while in the sample 10 is felt, on percentages, the presence of lithoid material.
The sample 11 comes from the vast area of ​​the valley of the River San Marino, dominated
including limestone greenish gray clays.
There is also some blob of clay with small blackish red lenses.
The sample was collected in gullies below the height of the carriage of Chiesanuova
"La Fratta" and belongs to nerast and clays.
The features are the same as in the previous samples.
The Sample 13 was collected in gullies that descend to "Ditch the King" at the northern border
state.
The area consists mainly greenish-gray clays with some red signed
containing limestone fragments.
The sample is minutely scagliettato.
The particle size analysis results confirm what we have already seen in the other samples, ie
high percentage of clay fraction.
Overall champions of the Scaly Clays are very similar and characterized by a large clay
prevalence.
This fact distinguishes them sharply from the grain size of clay marl
Pliocene-calabriane
that have high percentages of silt also. The constancy of values ​​of
Scaly Clays lets face with reclamation works, considering them of a uniform design.
Training Messinian.
The sample 12 was collected in the area of ​​"NE places gullies I Gessi", where outcrops
actually a flap chalky rock in large crystals. The clay comes in gray, homogeneous
, rich in fossil remains.
The results of particle size place it on the same level of clay marl
Pliocene-calariane with clay fraction percentage is not much higher than that, well abundant
, the silt.
And 'as to think that, except for a confirmation by the other evidence, even the physical characteristics
are very close.

2.4.2 Specific weight The specific weight of all samples was determined with the pycnometer.
The results are reported in Table 2.
It can be observed that the granulometric and mineralogical differences do not affect the specific gravity of the clayey
masses belonging to different formations. This indicates that in the calculation of
thrusts all the local clays are to be regarded at the same level, ie to a specific weight average 2.57
.
Unique exceptionally low value is that of the sample 11 where it is likely the influence of
organic content. 2.4.3
. Atterberg limits
Through the liquidity limits and plasticity ono derived the index values ​​of plasticity and internal friction angle
. Especially the latter is of great importance to assess the
stability of loose soils accumulated on the bottom of small valleys elle engravings and, following the
leaching.
The results are reported in Table 3. It can be observed that in
marly clay of the Pliocene you have fairly uniform values, which, as
of Plasticity index ranging from 26.1 to 38.4. Exception specimens derived from the layer sandy
showing a much lower plasticity: the internal friction angle of 19 ° 30 'to 23 ° 30
'. Whichever it is the most 'frequently. Logically's champion aranaceo
layer has a higher value that refers especially to the silty. These values ​​are
significantly lower than those of other manrnose Emilia Romagna Pliocene clays usually
make record on angles 25 ° - 26 °.
The plasticity of the Scaly Clays records a large jump amount than that of the previous
clays. Similarly, the internal friction angles suffer a drastic reduction with
tendency to bring to 0 ° as occurs in the sample 11. It 'is therefore evident the tendency to
gravitational movements of these clays. The exception is the only sample 13 whose outliers are
justified by the absence of montmorillonite.
These features are in perfect agreement with to here has been verified in other clays scaly
.
The clay sample Messinian has a behavior quite similar to that of the clay
Pliocene-calabriane. 2.4.4
. XRD analysis of the thermal and X-ray diffraction analysis defferenziali
From the analysis we get the meineralogica composition, through which it is possible to judge the essential
caratteristichee of different minerals. E 'can make confrti
between different rock types.
The results are reported in Table 4 with an indication of the estimated quantities of individual minerals.
Apart from the sand sample (camp. 2) is nosta a remarkable uniformity in
mineralogical composition of clay marl of the Pliocene - Calabriano.
It is predominantly illitic minerals, however Count authorities also sensitive quantity of kaolinite and montmorillonite
, to which is added little chlorite. The presence of montmorillonite is not character
common to all clay marl Pliocene calbrinate Emilia Romagna. In the area of ​​
Sassuolo area, where the material is used to aim the ceramic montmorillonte is almost absent
.
With regard to the non-clay mineral, it has the normal enrichment of quartz and calcite, with the presence
sometimes sensitive dolomite. Even this presence does not constitute a common factor to all
similar clays of the northern Apennines margin.
The mineral feldspar is perhaps the most 'variable in this series of samples.
The mineralogical composition justifies the relatively low value of the angle of internal friction.
In fact the amount of montmorillonite present, which normally do not find in similar clays of
other areas, determines a greater swellability which results in a more 'high mobility.
The only sample examined the Messinian formation presents analogy with those of

Training Pliocene-calabriana particularly in the amount of calcium carbonate and the presence of the same
clay minerals. however, there is a mggiore amount of kaolinite and a very low
presence of dolomite, which, for example in the Bologna and Reggio, constitutes one of the minerals
more 'abundant of this type of clay.
In the field of Clays Scagliose the difference is the amount of carbonates, especially
calcite. Samples 10-11 are very rich. Samples 5-9 do not; the sample 12
it presents a modest amount.
Other changes are noted in the percentage of illite, kaolinite and especially in those in montomorillonite
which registered its highest values ​​in the sample 4 and the sample 11.
Modeste the Quanita feldspar. The dolomite is sempr subject to calcite. These clays
affected by the chaos of the training to which they belong with the possibility of mixtures and
interpenetration between different elements lithologically.
The differentiated analysis terminche put out mineral transformations with
or absorption of heat. In the obtained curves it can detect the presence of the organic substance in some
clays, expressed from maximum exothermic between 2550 ° and 400 ° C as in 11-3-4-7-9-10-11-12- samples || | 13-14, pyrite in 3-6-7-8-12-14 samples, gypsum in the sample 8. 2.4.5
. chemical analysis
The chemical analyzes were performed with the method for X-ray fluorescence were however other methods used
for the determination of sodium, the loss of CO2 to the fire.
The results are reported in Table 5. In it are noted differences between the two groups, but not of great importance
, for example in the chaotic clays, both gray and red, the percentage of Al203 is more
'high.
It is also known that in the Pliocene Clays percentage of K20 indicates abundance of illite
in quantities greater than that in many Emilian clays of the same type. This fact, together with the presence of montmorillonite
, relativamentee justify the low value of the angle of internal friction
.

Table inserted p. 424
2.4.6
. Soil characteristics
On sterility of Pliocene clay and scaly much has been written and discussed, and among so many theories,
departing from the dominant one which attributed only to the physical characteristics of the clays
due to their non-productivity, the voice the Pratolongo is undoubtedly one of the most 'authoritative.
The typical causes of infertility are attributed by him to three main factors: the reducing power,
salinity and alkalinity of the clays.
According to his theories, the reducing power is to be referred to the ferrous salts, particularly in the form of sulfide
that, in the two changes of pyrite and marcasite, it seems to determine the ashen color of these formations
.
The salt, according to the Pratolongo, is due to the content of chlorides and alkaline solfatti
for which, beyond certain limits, is able to cancel any vegetation.
The third negative factor is that raw water which is due to excessive compactness of the clay
when dry and their easy dilavabilità the wet state.
It, with pH values ​​from 8.0 to 8.2 generally derives from calcium carbonate, whereas more '
high values ​​are attributed to absorption colloidal compounds predominantly sodium or
basic carbonates.
For lesser degrees of alkalinity is believed the cause must be sought in the different thickness of
particles of limestone that affects the solubility of the limestone itself.
The Pliocene clays, while being low in nitrogen, are not entirely devoid of nutrients that can be activated
corregendo their statfisico ie acting on their compactness.
Result of this action, implemented by tillage, you also get a
chemical modification, because with the ventilation you also get a chemical modification because
with ventilation are obtained by processes ossigenazio and acts to moderate the alkalinity and
leaching processes able to decrease the salinity.
If then with the repetition of the processing, the natural transformation process is accelerated with
organic fertilizer-nitrogen, in a few years, the sterile clay areas will get good
agricultural soils. Having
But now think of the machining, 'is an obstacle that is in most
cases since the slope factor, albeit cushioned ta with works by harnessing and
Backhoe of badland ridges , it will remain mostly 'prohibitive for the use of mechanical means and
is why, as already stated, it is believed that the main destination of
conquered land is to pasture.
2.4.7
. General information on the execution of the King op
The two main existing clay formations in the territory of the Republic of San Marino are:
Argille marnose Pliocene-calabriane and Scaly Clays also indicated by the name of Chaotic.
The modest outcropping of Messinian clays can be assimilated for composition and technical characteristics to the clay marl
Pliocene-calabriane.
The main differences between these two formations are represented by a particle size more 'in order
scaly clay and mineralogical composition that presents as much of
montmorillonite in Scaly Clays. These two features generate in Clays Scagliose
a much more 'high plasticity, as indeed appears from the indices obtained with the Aterberg Limits and a
angle of internal friction, and therefore much more' low. So the most 'serious
stability problems are related to this type of clay and localized in those areas where they are in outcrop (see
litological). In this land rehabilitation work will take into account the low values ​​of
in the construction of dams, in the preparation of escarpments. The drainage must be defended
by easy penetration of ultrafine material, it must also bear in mind the characteristic of
Scaly Clays montmorillonite of a strong power of swelling in contact with water and a consequent
strong training camp with the drying. It should be noted that the Scaly Clays
constitute a very heterogeneous units locally so can influence certain factors including
which the chemical composition. For example the presence of the any types of large amounts of carbonates
leads to a lower plasticity and a lower rigonfiabil ty and can also affect the characteristic alt
impermeability of these clays.
The conditions of clay marl Pliocenicocalabri are obviously best, but if we consider this
litotype in its spread Emilia-Romagna, vidiamo that
marly clays of the Republic of San Marino have CHARACTERI ic lower stability at
many other areas of Emilia Romagna. This depends on the high percentage of illite and montmorillonite
by the constant presence of even very small quantities. From this derives an internal friction angle which is
significantly more 'lower than that found in similar lithologies in other areas.
So taking account of a compaction by mechanical means, the escarpments of embankments
made with loose material must have an angle of inclination less than 35 degrees and the scarps natural
in healthy clay, will not preconsolidated reach 45 °.
For the drainages Clays marnose Pliocenicocalabrinee will behave like those of other
areas of the region, having a particle size of the completely analogous. 3
. GENERAL CADASTRAL LAND AND SURFACE gully

The total area of ​​the Republic of San Marino is 6119.61.03 hectares, broken down by
cadastral classes:
1) urbanizzataha 362.35.50 area (5.9 %)
2) waters pubblicheha 70.78.45 (1.2%)
3) streets pubblicheha 198.83.75 (3.2%)
4) ferroviaha 14:49:34 (0.2%) | || 5) public gardens has
00:38:02 = 6) caveha 3.90.80 (0.6%)
7) antiquity and monumentiha 0.31.83 =
8) coltivabiliha land 4467.67.01 (73 %)
9) 335.98.97 boschiviha land (5.5%)
10) 664.87.36 calanchiviha land (10.8%)
------------- ---

Totaleha 6119.61.03 cadastral examination shows with immediat zza the importance that agriculture, and
also marginally the woods, in the territory of the Republic, covering a total
almost 80% of the surface.
It also understands more 'the significance of the conference on the problems of agriculture in annual
San Marino in order to enhance it and make it more and know more' for the weight that occupies the local economy and
that constitutes empre, also facing the growing movement
tourist and industrial apparatus, a socio-economic element base and therefore respectable.
If it is directly or indirectly protect the soil and therefore the preservation of
territory, agriculture's speech to San Marino, also in view of its limited territorial
, assumes an important enough to put certainly in the first place.
Another figure is striking is that referring to gullies with their 665 hectares
account for about 11% of the territory.
This figure refers only to the gully area degraded view of macroscopic perspective, but in
far more 'extensive effects is the gully area if we take into account the land in the process of collapse, neighboring
to gullies real.

In its report of 1951 Ing. Zani calculated that strongly eroded badland areas, without
vegetation, were n. 33, with from 2 to 86 hectares variable surfaces totaling 607 hectares and
each zone indicating the approximate locations and the surface.
Also added that neighboring land undergoing degradation gully were "1300
tornature" of approximately 440 hectares.
Overall then estimated the gully area of ​​111047 hectares.
While I have no doubt about the reliability of the survey data, given the perfect
that the author had knowledge of the territory, out of curiosity, we wanted to verify them and, as
clear from our survey, was the ravines land divided into "plant ravines"
unrecoverable, land being degredazione gully (recoverable) and clay soils in quench the thirst
(recoverable), complessivamentge add up to 1187 hectares.
The result is not much higher than the Zani (+ 13.5%) and this is likely if you think
progression of degradation over the past 25 years.
In conclusion, among ravines and gullies formed in formation, have to be in 1187 has amounted to 1119.5
% of the total area, almost 1/5 of the entire territory, as well as being unproductive, || | pose a real danger to all activities in the Republic.
And 'therefore necessary and urgent to have them b nifica.
Divided into the three categories referred to above, and the terri I gullies, as follows.
1) fans ravines stranded
173 (14.5%)
2) land undergoing degradation
gully (recoverable) was 434 (36.5%)
3) clay soils in distress
(recoverable) was 580 (49.0%)

About 1,187 Totaleha their distribution in the different idrogafica units, please refer to the reading of cartography
attached.
To better interpret the classification of the three ravines aspects identified, you should groped
their description:
1) Venagli ravines (173)
They are the more 'typical form; They are presented as a gray landscape of bare rock with a
morphology characterized by a steep and deep vallecol system, frequently arranged in
fan, separated from each other by paper-thin "ridges".
2) Land degradation being eroded (has 434)
They are the ones adjacent to the typical gully forms above, that show already clearly
a calancoide morphology, but are not yet reduced to the bare rock. With appropriate and timely interventions
they can be almost all recovered.
3) Land clay in distress (it has 580)
As these were considered for large and medium are all those lands that fall in the basins
ravines in situations of generalized collapse even if covered by natural vegetation and || | sometimes partially used (grazing).
They are all recoverable land.
Commenting on the data offered by the table above, we can say that on the whole area
gully, the real gullies, sol 173 hectares, once dammed and contained, no
arouses concern.
And 'however significant the possibility of recovery of more than a thousand hectares belonging to "facies"
minor gully which, if abandoned, volgerebbero soon to "facies" typical gully.
In the space of a decade, or a little more ', then you have a chance to win about 85% of
gully surface, within the territory of the Republic, it does indeed constitute 16.5%.
4. HYDRAULIC ACCOMMODATION PROBLEMS AND HYDRAULIC AGRICULTURAL
From what has been shown it is clear that the security and socio-economic improvement of the area
oppose hydraulic and hydraulic-agrarian disastrous situations for which land
always degrade more 'resulting in a deterioration of agricultural enterprises
manifesting more and more' precarious stability.
At this rate streams, made even more 'rushing from the growing area of ​​runoff and
solitda by increased flow rate, increasing the imbalance of those containers that will pose
with increasing frequency, flooding and damage also in plain below.
You will then intervene with the following works:
a) Works of general interest:
1) hydraulic arrangement of the main streams;
2) Cross accommodation of their sub-basins ravines;
3) rinsaldamento of landslide slopes;
4) reforestation and reconstruction of deteriorated forests;
5) construction of service roads.
B) of particular interest Works of individual properties and associated
1) hydraulic-agrarian settlement of land;
Or 2) the cultivation of fallow land and those r cuperati;
3) improving cultivation in poorly cultivated land;

4) woody plantations in the reclaimed areas.
With the execution of these two categories of works, where the latter are necessarily dependent
from the first, it is believed to give, in addition, that hydrogeological security, a concrete contribution to
soil conversation have on all socio-economic activities.
These objectives will harmonize perfectly with the aims set out by the law on the
Sammarinese Agricultural Development Plan approved by the Great and General Council at its meeting on March 20

111974. This study has found its matrix in such a legislative measure in Articles.
13 and 14 providing for the establishment of a general comprehensive plan of reclamation of eroded areas
also establishing the modalities for its implementation and for its maintenance.
The hydraulic arrangement of the main waterways is not possible with the simple inalveamento
of waterways, with embankments or other water projects.
The imbalance brought by the flash floods rendrebbe soon insufficient expensive works, because
rendered useless by the growing wave of solid flow rate that increases proporzionalemnte
all'esetendersi erosion.
Colla decrease of '' undermines solid idrologicament and you get two great advantages:
1) depression of the full level due to the increased speed of the current;
2) the correction of the current line the decreased deposits of stone materials in the river bed
.
"E 'against this original cause of evil that must be studied and not the offensive against the forces enemy
already organized in the trenches and ditches of the ravines, or sboccanti, more and more 'formidable,
nell'aleveo of the great arteries of the rivers.
E 'in the run-off that you have to find them and beat them in isolation thereby preventing
arrive intact on the line of extreme defenses. "
This was said in his scholarly report Prof. Giuseppe Di Tella in Naples in First Congress of reclamation in 1933.

based on this principle was in fact examined the water system of each unit
hydrographic providing both the works of correction that those computandole consolidating its spending
.
4.1. of intensive works
After all that said and considered, the works in intensive to be performed can be distinguished in
:
a) cross-works
b) longitudinal works || | the first serve to defend or alter usefully profile of the riverbed and consist of bridles,
crossbars, thresholds, transversal dikes, etc.
the second serve to protect the banks from erosion and consist of repellent defenses, defenses
sliding, longitudinal dykes, etc. inalveamenti.
in main courses some of these works are urgent, the remainder will be
carried out as and when the hydraulic conditions of the watercourse require it, in relation to
improvement that the extension of the arrangement will bring the general arrangements.
As refers to the docks ravines the fundamental cone must be to a
progression of interventions from the bottom to the top made possible by modest service roads that
date from the valley floor, indispensable for the ' execution of hydraulic works before, useful for agriculture
need and for the maintenance of the works themselves then.
The type of prescribed work more 'widely is to cross, more' commonly defined
"brigilia" because liable to curb the current and tratenere transport material of a course of clean water.
With the bridle also gets delprofilo riverbed correction so diminish the
concentration time, lessens the speed of the current, consolidates the side flaps, and with
raising fondi- riverbed by means of "bridged" you get a relative expansion of
overlying soil so they can be better used.
This category of works, for different structural solutions that can be found in dependence
of geo-morphological features and geo-location techniques which are constructed, can so distingursi
:
1) Bridles mixed with side dirt banks and corp central masonry or concrete
:
a) in box
b) to slide
2) Bridles entirely in the ground with a slide coated in concrete or elements prefabricated

3) Bridles entirely in masonry or concrete:
a) to slide
b) weir
as regards the preference to be given to one or the other type bridle, and apart from obviously
choices to make in special cases, we can certainly say that the first type is generally employed
in the bottom of the valley and in the lower part of the main branches so

Provide a solid foundation for the progress of the accommodation. For this their function calls are normally
"bridle head" and can have variable heights up to a maximum of 8-9 m ..

The second type is the one used in the sub-basins alanchivi, ie in the part more 'high and
secondary branches of the basin (where the greater the disruption).
The third type, ie the reins entirely in concrete are generally reserved for flowing streams
main or secondary, out of ravines basins in areas with a rocky bottom or alluvial
.
For clarity it is appropriate to briefly describe the various types.
4.1.1 Bridle in earth with the central body to "box ve" concrete
The type "box" is constituted by a front wall mount, the top of which (shaped according to the area
request from the calculations for the spillway) works by mouth weir. The water falls on an audience
laterally delimited by two walls, leaving maximum height of the front wall,
down to the valley with the slope of 2/3 up to controbriglia, typically at high centor m. 0.50 to 1
delimiting downstream the audience and repeats the shape of the spillway upstream. In this way the
foundation slab is constantly submerged by a layer of high water at least half a meter
, which absorbs the force of impact of the water weir dissipating energy and speed.
Whole structure is made of lightly reinforced concrete, with a minimum thickness m. 0.50,
dosage of at least ql. 3.5 of cement per cubic meter, and light crisscross reinforcement steel
ribbed in the vicinity of the two flaps. This in order to absorb the tensile stresses that may
products - from outside to inside - from the thrust of the lateral embankments in earth not yet compacted, and also
- from the inside outwards - from falling water from the weir during floods particularly impetuous
.
The connection of the side dirt banks to the central body by means of two diaphragms
concrete, built in continuation of vertical upstream face, which are inserted at
center of the banks themselves, built with gradients of escarpment previously indicated, in order to obtain a structure
without solutions of continuity, which could favor dangerous infiltrations of water
. (V. Fig. 1)
4.1.2. Bridle in the ground with a central "to slide" concrete
Body In type "slide" the central body has a width corresponding to that of the spillway
(dimensioned according to the calculations of which we speak elsewhere), plus the thickness of wing walls
acts to contain the water blade.
Its upstream face - against which it will form the filled - is vertical, while the downstream
you should gently accompany the fall of the water with no sudden drops or surges, is tilted at 33
° (gradient of 2/3). The chute is completed by two traits paino of which one short
at the top of the notch and the other more 'long allabase, connected to it with curvilinear connections.
The flat stretch at the base of the chute, where the water still has a decent impact force, which is bordered by a small valley
controbriglia high generally m. 0.50 to 0.80, so as to form a reservoir of damping
, act to dissipate the residual energy of c duta water, and limitre
the speed up to values ​​close to zero.
For the construction of the side embankments and for always appropriate to complete the front wall
with diaphragms, the considerations made for the grill box (v. Fig. 2)
4.1.3. Bridle in the ground with a slide coated cal estruzzo
It consists of cross un'argine "on the ground" well compacted, at alterzza trapezoidal not
superire to 5-6 mm. having a crowning of the width of m. 2 and escarpment slope
1/2 or 2/3 depending on the nature of the terrain.
In this connection, it is recommended, for the considerations in the section referring to the geological
(where evidential the different characteristics of the two main types of clays), which in the area of ​​
Pliocene clay escarpments have the downstream slope of 2/3 and 1/2 upstream and
that inquella scaly clay of the same are always 1 / 2sia downstream to upstream.
The detected is provided, generalemnte in the central part, a special touch to the
disposal of water that flow then along the slope until reaching the natural terrain
by means of a channel, open in the same escarpment , having a cross section corresponding to trapezoidal
qualla the spillway.
The concrete structure is to be a real prorpio coating a bump "chute"

Dug along the hanging sbaramento in the valley; to said coating
economy can be limited to the bottom and at the bottom of the banks for un'alterzza of 30-50 cm. since the remaining
part of the banks it may be clothed with the sun turf consolidated grassing.
It is necessary that the concrete slides, possibly even lightly armed, are resting
a member capable of plans and in this respect, it is recommended that the slides are built
least after a year or two by the construction of the detected because, only after a certain time, it can reach
adequate compactness.
In this period it creates the problem of providing the discharge of the flooded waters preventing
tracimino disorderly by the crowning of the bridle and to this end we must create a temporary
spillway, usually got sideways on the slope in at a
delel two shoulders of the bridle, possibilmene without cide the embankment, digging on natural ground.
It will be necessary to dig the threshold of this sewage at an altitude more 'lower than that which will be
the final touch, both for greater Franco security, is to make more' difficult infiltration in the
detected by limiting the height of the reservoir.
Waiting to build the ultimate disposal will occur damage of various kinds, but they will almost always
minor and easily fixed.
In a few years, given the huge sediment transport, the bridle will be completely underground upstream and not
there will be more 'danger provided that canalizz ta the "filled" has arisen and that it is kept constantly
functioning spillway.
For the reins more 'small and in very limited surface areas, for the construction of
slide will be used prefabricated interlocking of the type used on autostrate type
XZ.
In any case, for each basin and sub-basin must always be dimensioned according to the tap
maximum outflows derived from the "envelope curve".
This type of bridle, is the only effective means to combat gully being impossible, as well
it too expensive to intervene in other ways; it also presents gradual all'alzamento
so as to form a barrier always more 'high and efficient without the risk of being run over. With
advancement climb the bridle will delve more sempr 'amphitheater gullies and locking it
limiting its development.
By comparing the two types of bridle you can definitely say that the "box" is in line though the maximum safe and convenient
Finoa about m. 5 in height, while the bridle "chute" gives absolute reliability even
to greater heights. Surpassing the 5 meters high, bridle box becomes more 'difficult
as construction (scaffolding, in iron armor etc.), And on the other hand the flood water, which falls
with impetus from the spillway weir, can produce over time damage difficult to repair
to the foundation slab.
In both types of spillway, which normally constitute the central part of the bridle, the
artifact is grafted into the lateral detected which have the usual trapezoidal section, by means of two
walls (diaphragms) that s 'bury the transverse levees to stretch more' or less long.
With this arrangement avoids the danger of infiltration across the line between the spillway and detected
who is always the most 'weak point of the whole work.
It is a special and not comparable to the previous types is the bridle "pit" that is constituted by a vertical duct
in concrete pipes of sufficient amplitude, placed upstream of the barrier
embankment, that It is grafted onto a horizontal of greater amplitude crossing the embankment at the base
.
It is however a type rarely used for any inconvenience that may result from the partial or total occlusion
of the well and, despite being an economic type, it is generally not recommended except for
solve a particular case unless you can resort to the former type (v. fig. 3)
4.1.4. Bridle concrete
No bridle of this type is specified in the plan.
Inadvisable in real badland areas, must be reserved in the main auction
streams where you can contrare on good foundations.
The type "weir" is made or a wall "adarco" set in the banks, which have to be very solid
, calculated as a true work restraint arc, or a simple wall || | crossing the stream, calculated "gravity." In this case the work is commonly called
"cross".
As refers to "the notch" it must be properly calculated from time to time with

great prudence; particular care must be given to the construction of "crowning", which must
protrude toward downstream, using the best quality material able to withstand the blows and
abrasion of the material transported.
In both types the downstream walls of the parameters will be vertical in order to never be lambicati
by water, reaching the section necessary for the stability, with specific shoes and offsets in
upstream parameter.
The type "chute", perhaps the most 'advisable in major auctions of waterways more' important, is
given by a gravity-based structure with hanging vertical upstream and downstream inclined at least | || of 45 ° over the entire length, so as to serve also as a support of the slide that will be built of
dimensions equal to those of the notch in turn enute t from the maximum full calculation.
Types of bridle similar to those described have been used for a long time and widely tested in
calnchive zones very similar to those of San Marino and of particular importance appear
results obtained from Brisighella Consortium in the valleys of rgillose provinces of Ravenna and Forlì.
All types have produced good results, but some of them have established themselves for their simplicity of
execution and operating so as to be preferred to others.
Usually the models "to slide" and "box" have given the best results, both in the dykes
land in those made from rocks or concrete; overall we can say that they
constitute the backbone of the entire gully arrangement performed in the abovementioned area.
Are also the most 'economic and, therefore, except in special cases, they are also recommendable in clayey areas of San Marino
.
For a more 'easy constructive interpretation of the described bridles it was decided to outline
the structures of the most' characteristic types in the attached drawings to this Plan.
4.1.5. The defenses of banks
For the defense of the banks are expected to use repellents and grazing defenses built gabions
wire zingato filled with stones, or concrete.
The defense gabion consist of elements sc tola "Palvis" stacked in two or more 'orders
to a foundation slab well as gabion, which aims to protect the main body of the defense
leaning to the outside edge down as they produce the excavation bottom
by the current. For this purpose it is necessary that the audience is sufficiently broad and projecting
and that the containment gabions are robust containment are sturdy and well built
; those double torsine and strong zincatur offered by the company Maccaferri of Bologna have always given excellent results
.
The concrete defenses, unless recommended by their stiffness, will find use only the difficulty in
few cases date of being able to throw on a solid foundation of foundation.
All defenses, and in particular repellents, will have to be carefully study them from time to time
choosing the most 'types suited to the various situations and identifying with precision their
localization.
In the drawings of the most 'typical works, attached to this plan, they are summarized the main
gabion structures (repellent hammer and sliding defense) for proper execution. (V. Fig.
4). 4.1.6
. Drains
For accommodation groundwater in landslide mostly 'subject to phenomena of dismantling, it has been provided for drainage
deep accompanied by any modeling of the ground for proper
regimazine of surface water with dimples livellari and I were collectors.
Once designed, with appropriate surveys, the plan of sliding and found to contain
underground water, should be studied the direction of drainage, its depth and the point of disposal
of water drained.
Due to the low permeability of clayey soils, in order to obtain an efficient draining crawl space,
it is believed that it should develop considerably in height, so as not to be excessively but buried
, and therefore it is recommended that the stones used to be caged to
a height of not less than 2-3 m.
In addition to increasing the surface area of ​​absorption, this way you will avoid the danger of solutions of continuity in drainage
structure due to soil movement organizations, which will adversely affect the functionality of the work in a short
.
Particular attention must be paid to the construction of the tunnel in the most 'low excavation
adopting pietrme suitable or special prefabricated elements; also filling the cages
will be done with particular care taking into account that the stone material

Available, decreasing in size from bottom to top, is prepared to perfection.
Of this work Also, in the accompanying drawings, an example is given. (V. Fig. 4). 4.1.7
. service roads.
Considering their primary function which is that we build the access roads along the courses of water
for the construction of the works and for the succe sive maintenance, they have been designed with
policy of strict economy foreseeing a cut of ml. 5 meters wide which allows a roadway
carriageway, embankment with rocks or gravel, the amplitude of ml. 3 more 'two docks of ml.0,50
and a ditch upstream ml. 1; manholes and ancillary works wherever deemed
necessary from time to time. (V. Fig. 4)
4.2. the extensive nature works
will be implemented after the cross arrangement and therefore constitute the second stage of the reclamation
.
It is precisely in this second phase that will manifest a clear sense of responsibility and
entrepreneurial capacity of the farmer who, with their own initiative, enjoying the benefits granted by law and
consciously exploiting the reclamation held by the state, will, recover
significant badland surfaces, now unproductive, to the benefit of their company in the interests
both personal and collective.
Finding solid foundation in the bottom of accommodation, the shrewd and intelligent entrepreneur will
deal tranquillamnete settle their slopes of ravines
shaping the land and taking care of the water regulation.
Through all those jobs, modest but useful, which, like small dams in ditches secondary
, the scoronamneti, the livellari dimples, the ditches, etc., Are also means simple but very effective
against the degradation of the soil, the farmer will have in short
satisfaction of seeing expanded and guarded his property with immediate benefit and simultaneously
will feel proud, partaker of hydro-geological order which, with | || the combined action between the state and private, will be to profile itself clearly in the general landscape.
5. SUBDIVISION OF LAND hydrographic
As has been said before exposing information criter the plan, the territory of the Republic
has been divided into n. 11 "hydrographic units" marked with the letter "A"
to the letter "M", chats to reflect particular geo-morphological features offer a more 'immediate vision
hydraulic situation and allow as will be seen later, a more 'easy location of
actions described in the Plan.
Because they divided among themselves by natural boundaries, spes or made even more 'evident from the roads
run along the watershed, are easily identifiable.
Starting from the south and going north, going around M.Titano counterclockwise, we have the following
well marked throughout the subdivision crtografia accompanying the Plan:

Hydrographic Unit A High Maranoha 243
B Cà Rio Chiavello and Fosso della Rivaha 903
C Rio delle Saline and Rio Ca Mularoniha 158
D Fosso del Molino Rio Fiumicello and has 830
and M. Olivo - Rancioneha 692 || | F Low Ausaha 388
G medium and High Ausaha 837
H Ditch the Reha 372
the Low Torrente San Marinoha 315
L Torrente San Marino 1.020 medium altoha
M Fosso di Fiorentino 362

---------- TOTAL has. 6,120
5.1. Hydrographic units
Before entering any area with the location and description of the works to be implemented, it
believes a brief description of each hydrographic unit in the order above, indicating precisely
its boundaries, its main geo-morphological characteristics,
hydrographic and highlighting his needs sis ematorie.
5.1 .. A) High Marano
It includes all the left flap of the Marano stream from the state border south to the confluence of the Rio Ca
Chiavello to the north, and a few hectares of the right flap in the same area.
It occupies an area of ​​243 hectares and is the most 'small of eleven units idrograrifhce after that
of Salino-Rio Mularoni.
Bordered to the south and east by the state border that for most coincides with the main shaft of the
stream Marano, to the west has emerged from the ridge road that connects the bottom of the valley in the vicinity of
Faetano with Cà Bandirola and then by the watershed between quest'ulitma and Cerbaiola; vrso North
is bounded by the ridge, dividing the Rio Mularoni from Rio Fiumicello, passes for "Broccoli".
The overwhelmingly exposure is to the east.
The overall development of its main watercourse and its most 'important tributaries (Fosso
of Faggui and Fosso of Sorani) is km. 6,600.

In it you do not see fans ravines, but were detected 49 hectares of land undergoing degradation
gully and 20 hectares of clay soils in instability affecting its surface
for 28.3%.
Geologically it lies entirely in the areas of chaotic scaly clay.
Along the main shaft of the Torrente Marano already exist n. 7 bridles of various types of which no. 2
rebuild.
As we will see more 'later in this basin are planned altogether n. 20 water projects, more
'km. 1,800 of service roads and has. 1 reforestation, so distinct:

Bridles new works and reconstructions in the ground with a central body
box calcestruzzon. 8
Bridles on earth with a central body
to slide calcestruzzon. 5
Bridles on earth with spillway scivolon. 4
Drenaggion. 2
Repellents n. 1
Service roads km.1,800 Rimboschimentoha
1
5.1.2. B) Rio Cà Chiavello - Fosso della Riva
In order of magnitude, between eleven hydrographic unit occupies the second place with an area of ​​903 hectares
.
It extends entirely within the catchment area of ​​the Rio Ca Chiavello which is divided in a fan with a typical morphology
gully very complex.
Bordered to the east by the watershed that divides it from previously described the basin, toward South-
West has to border the road Consular Crociale-Cerbaiola, to the west the ridge line of the limestone massif of Mount Titano while to
the northern boundary runs along the watershed for
good stretch path from the Consular road Monte Adreino-Faetano.
Because of its detailed and complex morphology we can say that in it are all too
shows, if of course, given its outflow direzion, that is paramount to the east.
Because the same confluence the Minyan unit corresponding to that unit hydrographic previous
(115 meters above sea level) and the maximum to that of Monte Titano (m. 739 sm)
the development of its main river and its many tributaries (Fosso of Forate,
Fosso della Riva, Fosso di Maiano, Ditch of Pianacci, Ditch of Burn, Ditch of Roncole) is
kilometers. 31,300 and the relationship with the surface we built a very high value, equal to ml. 3000 / sq km ..
The basin is all dotted with ravines venagli which increase in number and size as
cell goes from the bottom to the top where you experience a frightening collapse.
From the remarks made in it were found some 73 hectares of ravines deemed unrecoverable, 198
hectares undergoing degradation calanchvia and 102 hectares of clay soils in distress for a total of 373 hectares
equal to 41, 3% of the basin area of ​​which about 300 hectares are considered recoverable.
The 41.3 constituting the index planimetric more 'high instability of all the hydrographic units where
divided the entire territory of the Republic, does not, however, represent the only serious element for
kiss.
In addition to wide area, we have a kind of collapse more 'worrying than elsewhere, because of its particular
location (close to the limestone mass), for his outstanding slope and for the meeting of the two
clay formations: the Pliocene with scaly, as was highlighted by Prof.
Bertolani in dealing with the geological theme.
The line that separates the two with sufficient evidence clay formations, sometimes emphasized by
outcrops of red clay lenses at the top, and alternations of clays and stratiform arenie
in the lower part, it runs in the north the basin from west to east so as to leave the
scaly clays most of the territory.
It is therefore an area that has several downsides and can be definitely called the most 'dangerous
and the more' difficult for the purpose of accommodation.
In it we were provided for a total of n. 145 water projects, more 'km. 4,700 service
roads and. 14 reforestation.
Along the main shaft of the Rio Ca Chiavello already exist n. 13 transversal works of various types
of which no. 7 are to be restored, and n. 3 to be raised.
The hydraulic works, of which we will say more 'detail, they are so distinct:

Bridles new works and reconstructions in the ground with a central body
box bcc. 37
Bridles on earth with a central body
to slide cc.n. 7
Bridles on earth with spillway scivolon. 89
Traverse in cc.n. 2
Drenaggin. 9
Defenses radentin. 1
Service roads km.4,700 Rimboschimentiha 14


reversals and alzamenti Restoring n. 7 dams of various types
Alzamento of n. 3 bridle on earth
5.1.3. C) Fosso delle Saline and Rio Mularoni
It is the most 'small of eleven hydrographic units and occupies an area of ​​only 158 hectares for

good part belonging to the sub-basins of the Rio delle Saline and Rio Mularoni that are directed
tributaries in the left of the Torrente Marano; only the extreme north and south ends are crossed by small canals
that, in parallel to the two main, pay directly in Marano.
Bordered to the south and east by the Torrente Marano, to the west is bordered by the hydrographic units B and D, respectively
with the Consular road Faetano up to Serra di Sopra and then with the ridge line to the head
Fosso di Mularoni; to the north the boundary is given by the watershed that begins in
del Fosso correspondence Corianino and continues down towards the river Marano, for good
part path from the side street of Brocchi.
The minimum and maximum dimensions are respectively 110 and 350 meters above sea level.
The main exposure is to the East, but, given the direction of its main waterways and secondary
, almost all parallel to each other, abbimo significant exposure south and north
corresponding to the orographic payouts left and right.
The development of its two main watercourses and their branches is the total kilometers. 9,300 and
relationship with the surface, equal to 5300 ml./kmq., Is the maximum value among all the units
hydrographic.
Because in the badland formations is precisely in the provisions in the south wing that the greater
degradation, the failure in this area more s found in deposits in the left orographic
of two main courses where you can see very advanced erosive with prohibitive slopes.
The facts reliefs were found less than 29 hectares of unrecoverable gullies and ravines
33 hectares of land in the process of degradation, recoverable to a small basin area, representing as much as 39.2%
. Is that the instability index more 'high, after that hydrographic unit B described above
.
Geologically despite being present the kings mentioned earlier
hydrographic unit formations, the badland formations of this part of erritorio are fully included in the training
Pliocene and are therefore more 'homogeneous characters making it less problematic
the situation when compared with that of the adjacent basin of Fosso Ca Chiavello.
In addition to the disruption of the gully area but there is to be emphasized also the collapse of the trunk of
Torrente Marano, sottesto the same basin, where you notice severe erosion of the banks that threaten
the new road; on it is necessary to intervene with repellents, defenses spondali and articles of mackerel riverbed
trying to give greater speed and direction of the current, which is now brought to
deposit.
The temples of the two main and the influent Corianino Rii are present n. 10 Cross works and no.
13 repellents; Four transversal works need to be restored.
To supplement and round of esistent works, such as the following works: Works
New
Bridles in the ground with a central body
box bcc we'll see more detail 'forward
were provided. 3
Bridles on earth with a central body
to slide cc.n. 1
Bridles on earth with spillway cc.n. 49
Drenaggin. 2
Defenses radentin. 3
Repellentiha 2

restores Restoring n. 3 bridle on earth, one per box
Alzamento a brigli on earth with spillway DC
5.1.4. D) Fosso del Molino and Rio Fiumicello
Among all is the third hydrographic units in order to surface that extends for 830 hectares
entirely belonging to the basin of the gully of the Fosso Molino that, in the lower torso, before
emptying into the river Ausa, called the Rio Fiumicello.
It is a characteristic area for the morphological differences that we find in its two main
payments, so different from one another as to form a surprising contrast.
Mind the right side, with generally facing north, has a gentle morphology, little engraved
from tributaries, in good conditions of stability and almost fully grown, the left is dominated by one aspect gullies very
sour in the upper middle part, which goes attenuating downstream while maintaining
steep slopes and unstable slopes whole with obvious appetite ravine.
Separated from the south basin Cà Chiavello from the street Monte Andreino-Faetano, to the east it borders with
Montelupo way up to Tanaccia; to the north it is bordered by a stretch of road
Consular Customs at the top and from the ridge of Sterpeto-Ca Vagnetto on the ridge line of
gullies; to the West finds its highest share in cri wings of the limestone massif in
at the Rocca (m. 738) continuadno with them and watershed to the head of the Fosso del Re
.

The minimum share corresponds to the confluence of the Rio Fiumicello with Torrente Marano m.
110 above sea level.
The development of its main river and major tributaries is km. 22,900 and in relation to
surface constitutes an average value equal to ml. 2760 / sq km. Significantly lower than that of the basin
previously described.
Despite the sharp and frequent incision of the left flap this is due to the limited number of tributaries
the right side, and the brevity of those on the left who, although very numerous,
reach the main cable pattern to it orthogonal on a steep slope.
As for the failure, in this hydrographic unit is repeated, on more 'wide scale, the kind of instability found in Rio
Mularoni.
As already mentioned, it is in fact almost entirely concentrated on the orographic left
while on the right, only in Rii Corianino and Poggiolo you notice degradation of some importance.
The facts reliefs were found 28 hectares of unrecoverable badlands, 61 hectares in the process of degradation
gully (recoverable) and 97 hectares of clay soils in distress (recoverable).
A total of 186 hectares, equivalent to 22.4 percent of the total area of ​​the basin, including 158
to conquer agriculture.
In this case the instability index (22.4) is quite high, and it also acquires greater significance
if you think that the gully plague is concentrated near the village of Domagnano.
As for the previous hydrographic units, this is an entirely
falling gully formation in the Pliocene clay where the accommodation with bridle on earth can give safe
custody after having given stability to the valley.
Along the main shaft of the Rio Fiumicello in the past have been built n. 8 Cross works including three
must be restored, a raised three must be rebuilt.
The planned interventions in the decade, described in detail more 'forward, are as follows:

Bridles new works and reconstructions in the ground with a central body
box bcc. 1
Bridles on earth with a central body
to slide cc.n. 12
Bridles on earth with spillway cc.n. 2
Drenaggin. 2 Streets of serviziokm.2,100


reversals and alzamenti Restoring n. 2 bridles at the box
Restoring a bridle in the ground with overflow
Alzamento a bridle in the ground with overflow
5.1.5) Monte Olivo-Rancione
The hydrographic units so called covers 692 hectares on the slope overlooking the right
Serravalle.
Marked by a very large catchment system that collects its waters into the ditch
Rancione, a tributary of the Ausa creek in the right, has a morphology mostly 'smooth and sweet
characterized by understanding and orderly cultivation agrarian.
Only the extreme eastern end there is a morfolgia badlands of some importance but where the failure
does not reach the devastating and dangerous aspects encountered in previous basins.
Compared to other hydrographic survey the state of instability is therefore limited.
A arouses some concern however at the top of a large landslide of
landslide which is evident on the left, before arriving in Montelupo, coming from Domagnano
Evidently the lower slope, the practice of grazing and l ' interest in defending the rich agricultural area below
, have helped to contain the erosive action of the water and the gully form
looks pretty quiet.
The hydrographic unit is limited to the east by the state border, to the south from Sterpeto ridge that the island
by gullies of the previous basin, westward from Casvir-San Marino road and from the road
Consular customs, to the north by the Cinque Vie road.
The minimum fee is m. 82 m above sea level and the maximum is. 287 sm in Mount Wolf.
The development of its main river and its tributaries is equal to km. 14,300 from which it springs
a relationship with the surface of ml. 2066 / sq km ..
Faced with a development so broad, however, is done on just km. 5,200 and this shows the good
hydrographic situation of the area.
Were detected altogether 117 hectares of land ravines, pa to 16.9% of its total area
, of which 16 hectares and 101 unrecoverable recoverable grazing.
This hydrographic unit is one where it was found so far the least disruption and what justifies the
few and delayed interventions provided which are summarized as:
new works and reconstructions
Bridles on earth with a central body | || in box bcc. 4
Bridles on earth with spillway cc.n. 17
Traversan. 1
Drenaggin. 2
Defenses radentin. 1

Restore Restoring a bridle box
5.1.6 F) Low Ausa

This hydrographic unit located at the North East of the republic, occupying an area of ​​388 hectares
waterflow well settled and intensively cultivated.
It is bordered to the south by the road of the Five-way ecol ridge Rancidello, to the east with the border
State and to the northwest by the Ausa creek.
Geologically it lies entirely in the Pliocene clay area without being affected by
gully forms.
The main display is the N-NO, the minimum and maximum dimensions correspond to 50-210 m.
Above sea level.
The development of the Torrente Ausa trunk, that touches the foot, and Rii main
you put into it is km. 7,300 and few interventions are planned on just km. 1,900.
There is already a good accommodation with bridle in Fosso Falciano where only modest recovery
interventions are needed.
At the bases of the said Fosso, on the right between the village and the town of Falciano Zanetta, you notice
a landslide slip where opportun will intervene with drainage and
modellamenti soil.
With regard to the trunk of the Ausa creek and started to climb the alevo by the State confie
to Customs and then to the confluence of the Rio Torrente, you notice a bed of slightly recessed
, tight, and often imgombro of arboreal vegetation that appear insufficieente
to the normal flow of water that normally esondan in goleani land during floods.
There is therefore a need for a cleaning and a regularization of the riverbed with works by flaring
to speed up the outflow of flood. Especially on the right side dell'Ausa, more '
upstream, need a grazing defense gabions in support and defense of a clay stratum landslide.
The envisaged interventions are therefore as follows:

Works new grazing Defense riverside gabion n. 1
Drainage under Falcianon. 1

Restore restores of a bridle in the box main rod
Restoring n. 4 bridle box on Fosso Falciano.
5.1.7 G) Middle Ausa
It stretches from Customs to the heads of Ronco dei Fossi, Cà Bertone of Flocca and lakes that after
their confluence, originate the Ausa creek.
It occupies an area of ​​837 hectares bordered to the south by road from Domagnano consolareche salt
Borgo Maggiore, to the East from the ridge that descends to Domagnano Serravalle and then from the Ausa creek
course, to the north by the watershed which coincides with the state border.
The minimum and maximum dimensions are respectively m. 58 and 465 above sea level.
The main orientation is towards the North East.
Going up the main channel from the confluence with the river of Rio to the fork of the Rio
Ronco, there was a slight slope and a trend that will not draw 'need for special
sistematori interventions.
Continuing, while the slopes on the right bank are not very steep and are in
largely cultivated, on the left you notice un'ampi gully area greatly degraded with obvious
fans who, in the most 'high , raggiun ono the state border (the Ciarulla) area.
A similar instability we find it on the left towards the head of Fosso Ca Bertone of Flocca deove
the gully form in his most 'bleak goes up to the ridge of the Ventoux.
The right slope instead, limited to the lower part, is dissesata, unkempt, but recoverable
grazing, as well as the middle and lower part of the slope on the right before
incorntrare the gully area where it said.
Overall the entire upper part of the basin is characterized by an alternation of cultivated land and ravines
land in a state of collapse more 'or less severe, but where the majority of the surface
appears recoverable, both for traditional crops to pasture.
In total they were detected 101 hectares of ravines land, amounting to 12.1% of the surface
pelvis, of which 87 are recoverable.
Compared to other hydrographic survey the state of instability is therefore limited with a good chance of
accommodation and use of the now derelict land.
Geologically the area lies almost entirely in the Pliocene clay, except for the most
'range to the south, which insists on the basal part of the limestone massif.
The sviluoppo of its waterways is km. 16,800 and is worth a total of intervening with
works of arrangement of km. 6,500 equal to 38.46%.
In the whole basin they are existing n. 11 water projects of which no. 5 in good condition,
n. 5 need of restoration and n. 1 to be rebuilt.
It was provided in total n. 31 new works so distinct:
new works and reconstructions
Bridles on earth with a central body

A box bcc. 1
Bridles on earth with a central body
to slide cc.n. 8
Bridles on earth with a central body
dc scivolon. 1
Bridles on earth with spillway bcc 23
Drenaggin. 2 Streets of serviziokm.0,900


alzamenti reversals and Restoring a bridle slide
Alzamento of 4 dams on earth
5.1.8 H) Fosso del Re This
unit includes almost entirely the King of Fosso basin (tributary in the right
Torrente San Marino) rimanendone excluded only a small portion of the right side above
Gualdicciolo.
It occupies an area of ​​372 hectares that extend at an altitude of 140 at an altitude of 585 meters above sea level with prevailing
facing South-West.
Geologically this basin is very representative because it contains all four
main lithological formations present in the territory of the Republic: the Pliocene, the scaly,
the limestone and red clay.
The portion more 'wide is occupied by the scaly clay that extend in the lower north-western
and in the central belt of the upper zone; rgille the Pliocene-calabriane
occupy the upper part of the right side in the north-oriental area; the limestone is at the
ridge from Monte Cerreto goes up to the cemetery and red clays appear minor,
landlocked by scaly clay, in the medium-infeiore pelvic fascia.
Mind the right side, for most cultivated, is in fair conditions of stability, the slope
left, height, and a little 'more' below the red clays, presents a serious disruption in full
scaly training.
The erosions fan, classic appearance of gullies, are deep and very steep (similar to those of the High
del Fosso basin Cà Chiavello), dark in color, sometimes with "flare-ups" (clay
red) and inclusions of calcareous clear fragments.
In the middle-east, crossed by branches of the Fosso Ventoso and Fosso of Cà
Melone, the hydro-geological situation is fairly quiet and it is believed that an accurate
retention of surface water, some modeling and the prudent use of idle land
processed pasture, can be ufficienti to ensure stability and
soil conservation.
In the upper hand, where the main ditch is divided in Fosso of Hell and the Pit of
Bigelli, you return to the gully form where there is a large landslide area where jobs are being
remediation.
In the lower part of the basin there are some transverse hydraulic works
that have proven their worth and it is therefore necessary to continue focusing the work in more 'rough
of the lower intervening especially on the left side area.

Bridles new works in earth with central scivolon body. 2
Bridles on earth with spillway bcc 16
Drainage in profonditàn. 1
of
serviziokm.1 Roads reversals
n Restore. 2 bridles at the box
5.1.9) Low Torrente San Marino
It is the hydrographic unit that includes the flap at the right of the Torrente San Marino from the Gualdicciolo
side street Ca Galavotto (south) and the ridge from Monte Cucco rises to meet
to the North-East ridge of Monte Cerreto.
To the west the border is formed by the Torrente San Marino which also marks the border of
Stat. The total area is 315 hectares for most falling in the formation of scaly clay
.
To this exception the northeastern part of the falling part in the basal formation of massive limestone
and partly in the small area of ​​the Messinian marly clay (loc. I Gessi) that
constitute the only example this in the geological landscape of the Republic.
The territory is not particularly hydro-geological problems and the main aspect is represented by the opportunity to recover
grazing large currently unused areas, reforesting
those marginal areas can not be used for this purpose.
This hydrographic units, with approximately km. 8,600 of waterways between the primary and the secondary, not
abbisogna large interventions sistematori and altogether it was considered appropriate to provide for only limited interventions
km. 2,900 (33.7%).
Soils with real degradation in place are very few and not exceed 1% of the
surface (about 2 hectares).
Remarkable disorder instead presents the bed of Torrente San Marino where he currently works are being
flaring and defense with the construction and restoration of repellents on the right bank.
This work will be continued and improved in defense of the street and buildings that are
settled along the same.

As with other river courses placed on the border with the Italian State (Torrente Marano and Torrente Ausa
), they should be found suitable arrangements for an organic solution of hydraulic problems in consultation with the authorities and
the Civil engineering office of the bordering regions.
Over the decade was expected to perform the following works: Works
New
Bridles on earth with a central body to slide n. 2
Bridles on earth with spillway bcc 4
5.1.10 L) Medium and High Torrente San Marino
With its 1,020 hectares is the most 'wide of the eleven hydrographic units and includes, in addition | || the upper middle of the stream rod trunk San Marino, also its tributaries (Fosso di
Chiesanuova, Fosso di Canepa and Fosso della Valle).
It is a very complex and adjacent to the north basin with the ridge crossing the
Monte Cucco rises towards the Borgo Maggiore, to the east on the ridge of the limestone massif and then
with the watershed that falls from Campei towards Mnte Pennicciola continuing to Ponte.
To the south and west follows the state border, which does not correspond to a natural line, cutting the
the left bank under the Monte Maggio and then fall to coincide with
Torrente San Marino.
The development of the main watercourse and its most 'important tributaries is about km.
21,400 and this goes to show what was stated earlier about the complexity of the existing hydraulic system;
the relationship between length of waterways and areas of up to ml. 2098 / sq km. and it is very close to the highest
of the River Basin Cà Chiavelo (3000 ml / sq km).
Geologically the basin considered entering almost equally the formation of scaly clays
in the south half-ovet and the limestone in the middle of the northeast, so you have two distinct morphological aspects
with different problems between on the left bank and right.
The first we have problems of erosion and soil instability, the second hydraulic
problems associated with exceptionally steep slope.

- Left open bun 11 years in 1985 -