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Law No. 11 Of 13 May 1968 On The Education In The Socialist Republic Of Romania

Original Language Title:  LEGE nr. 11 din 13 mai 1968 privind învăţămîntul în Republica Socialistă România

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LEGE no. 11 11 of 13 May 1968 on education in the Socialist Republic of Romania
ISSUER GREAT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Published in OFFICIAL BULLETIN no. 62 62 of 13 May 1968



EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM The permanent development and improvement of the education of all grades constituted and is a goal of great significance of the politics of our party and state. Under the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party, the education of all degrees developed with the revolutionary pretenses that took place socially, economically, politically and culturally in our country. The 9th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party outlined the main directions of development and improvement of our entire education. Based on the directives of the 9th Congress, under the direct and permanent guidance of the party leadership, the Ministry of Education, consulting a large number of teachers and specialists from different branches of its economy, science and culture using the valuable traditions of Romanian education and the advanced experience of universal pedagogy, elaborated studies on the development and improvement of education of all grades. The studies were subject to wide public debates, which raised a living interest and occasioned more than 10,000 proposals, suggestions and observations. Plenary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party of 22-25 April 1968, examining the measures envisaged in these studies and the proposals arising from the broad debate with working people, approved the Directives of the Central Committee of the Party Communist Romanian on the development of education in the Socialist Republic of Romania. The implementation of the Directives will lead to higher education of our entire education, increasing the cultural and professional level of the people, systematically improving the training of workers, technicians and specialists. higher qualification. On the basis of the decision of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, the present Law on Education in the Socialist Republic of Romania was adopted. The first law that laid the foundation for the functioning of the entire education in our country was the Law of Instruction, of 1864. After the liberation of the country, the education was regulated by the Law on Education Reform, in 1948, which had a significant role in the development of the Romanian school. In the preparation of the present law, the rich experience gained by our education, as well as the shortcomings that manifested itself, were considered, some of which arose from the provisions of the Law of 1948 and subsequent normative acts; At the same time, the pedagogical experience gained worldwide. This law establishes the necessary legal framework for the organization and conduct of education. The law stipulates that in the Socialist Republic Romania the education develops in close connection with the advances of science and technique, with the requirements of economy and culture, of the construction of socialism and communism. The education aims to acquire, by the citizens, the general culture and the knowledge necessary to exercise useful professions to society, the formation of their materialistic-dialectical conception of nature and society, intellectual education, morals, aesthetics and physics, the cultivation of their love for the homeland and the people, the ideals of peace and social progress. The law expresses the deeply democratic nature of our party's policy in the field of education, ensuring the exercise of the right to teaching of all citizens, without distinction of nationality, race, sex, religion and without any restrictions that would could constitute discrimination. An expression of the full equality of the citizens of the country, the law states, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, that for the co-resident nationalities the education of all grades is also carried out in its own language. The exercise of the right to the teaching of citizens is ensured by the gratuity of the education of all grades, as well as by other forms of material support, as scholarships, accommodation in hostels, mass at canteens, manuals, transport to practice in production and on holidays, health care, rest in camps, excursions. The law establishes the system of education, which includes: preschool education, compulsory education of general culture, high school education, professional and technical education, higher education, postgraduate education. Through this education system, widely diversified and as multiple possibilities of passage between different types of degrees of schools, it is created to young people, all working people, wide possibilities to attend schools of any degree, according to the skills, capacity and desires, as well as with the needs of qualified social workers. In light of the tasks given by the 9th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party, the law provides for the extension of the duration of compulsory education of general culture from 8 years, as it is now, to 10 years. The 10-year general school will provide the youth with a broader horizon of general culture, which will allow him to learn more quickly and thoroughly a qualification or to complete his training in higher-level schools. In the general school will be pursued a better knowledge of students, their inclinations and skills, in order to guide them school and professional. It is stipulated that the compulsory education of general culture begins at 6 years, so that the general school can be completed up to the age of 16. For less developed children, the inclusion in school can be postponed by one year. In the first years of application of the law, the inclusion of children in school at the age of 6 will be made at the request of parents. Prior to the general school, as before, the kindergarten of children will operate, the regulation of which is also provided in the law. Taking into account both the capacity and the interests of the students, as well as the requirements of the society, it is stipulated that the high school education includes high schools of general culture organized on real and humanist sections and specialized high schools with varied profile, according to economic and social-cultural needs. For the preparation of an increased number of workers, foremen and technicians, able to skillfully mine the modern installations, machines and machinery or to exercise with competence economic and social-cultural activities, the law creates the education professional and technical education wide possibilities of development, by organizing various forms of qualification and improvement. Taking into account the extension of the duration of compulsory education of general culture and the increased volume of knowledge with which graduates of general schools will come, the law establishes the duration of studies in vocational schools at 1-2 years, depending on complexity of the trade It is foreseen, as an important form of training of skilled workers, and, apprenticeship at work. Regarding the schools of foremen, considering the role of the foreman in production and the knowledge necessary to perform his duties, as well as the fact that in these schools are received graduates of the vocational school, with internship and merits in production, the duration of studies is fixed at 1 year for the day education and 2 years for the seral education. It is regulated by law and school of post-secondary specialization which, in 1-2 years of studies, ensures the professional training of graduates of high schools of general culture, in order to exercise environmental, technical or social-cultural activities. It also sets out how to organize and operate courses at work, to qualify and improve workers and average specialist staff. Particular attention is paid by law to higher education, important factor of the progress of science, technique and culture. The law fixes the organizational framework of this education, establishes the types of institutions, diversifies the profile and duration of studies in order to prepare, creates the prerequisites for a more close connection of the higher school with the current requirements of the economy and culture. Through the new regulation a wider training horizon will be carried out, the graduate will ensure greater social mobility in his profession and more in-depth training in a particular specialty. For the formation of intermediate frames between engineers and technicians or foremen are organized on sections of subengineers and architects, thus covering a gap felt in the production activity and resuming one of the valuable traditions. of our education. In order to improve the management of higher education institutions and faculties, the law provides for the introduction of the principle of collective leadership, broadening the duties of the teaching councils of higher education institutions and of faculties, as well as the responsibilities of the department collectives. Taking into account the fact that, in the contemporary conditions of rapid progress of science and technique, the higher school takes on the past and the role of freshening, completing and periodically perfecting the scientific knowledge of specialists, the law provides the organization, for this purpose, of postgraduate education. In order for our entire education to correspond to the current and perspective requirements of the development of economy and culture, the progress of contemporary science and technique, the law regulates the continuous improvement of the content of the teaching of all grades. This law provides that the drawing up of educational plans, study programs, textbooks and courses should be the focus of the teaching staff, the management of educational institutions and the Ministry of Education, ensuring a wide consultation of specialists and central stakeholders. The provisions of the law also strengthen the responsibility of the departments, the educational institutions and the Ministry of Education, for the content, the scientific level and the orientation of the education, in order for the youth to receive thorough professional knowledge at the level of contemporary science and technique, to have the ability to apply this knowledge in the practice of social work, so that young students and students, educated in the spirit of the deep devotion to the people, become Militant citizens of socialist and communist construction. Taking into account that the education-especially the higher one-represents a strong foundation of high scientific qualifications, the law attaches, a great importance to scientific research, to its ever-growing link to the problems of our economy, of the demands of socialist science and culture. In order to stimulate scientific research from higher education institutions, based on the National Conference of the Romanian Communist Party, it is planned to organize research centers, focusing the scientific forces of the Romanian Communist Party. education in order to solve important problems of the economy and culture. The law includes general provisions on teaching staff throughout the education. The regulations on the entire legal situation of the teaching staff, from the entrance to education and until retirement, will be included, according to the decision of the Plenara of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, in the Staff Statute teaching, to be drawn up later this year and to be subject to public debate. The law specifies the principles of the activity of guidance and control in education, the bodies through which this activity is exercised centrally and locally. The law provides for tasks for the Ministry of Education, executive committees of county folk councils, as well as for the other ministries and central bodies that subordinate schools. The Ministry of Education realizes the potency of the party and the state in the field of education; it leads, directs and controls the entire education, assuring its unitary character; it is responsible for the education plans, school and university programs and textbooks, the improvement of teaching staff and teaching methods, the provision of helpful teaching material. Ministries, central bodies, executive committees of county folk councils have important tasks in relation to the organization and conduct of the educational process, the control of schools, the optimal realization of investments and the material endowment corresponding to the educational units they organize. The Law on Education in the Socialist Republic of Romania integrates into the constant concerns of the party and the state for the development of the Romanian school, in order to increase its contribution to the material and spiritual progress of our country. By adopting the present law by the Grand National Assembly, the school-the main source of culture and civilization-will be able to contribute even more actively to the multilateral affirmation of human personality, to the development of our socialist nation, to flowering the homeland. The Great National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Romania adopts this law. + Title I General provisions + Article 1 In the Socialist Republic of Romania the education, the main source of culture and a factor of civilization, contributes to the development and flourishing of the socialist and socialist nation, to the multilateral affirmation of the human personality. The education aims to acquire, by the citizens, the general culture and the knowledge necessary to exercise useful professions to society, the formation of their materialistic-dialectical conception of nature and society, intellectual education, morals, aesthetics and physics, the cultivation of their love for the homeland and the people, the ideals, the peace and social progress. Education is developed in close connection with the advances of science and technology, with the demands of economy and culture, of the construction of socialism and communism. + Article 2 The teaching staff has the high responsibility to realize the goals of education, contributing to the fulfillment of the social mission of training and education of citizens. + Article 3 Education in the Socialist Republic of Romania is state education. The school is separated from the church. Confessions, congregations or religious communities can organize and maintain special schools for the preparation of worship staff. + Article 4 The citizens of the Socialist Republic of Romania have the right to teaching, without distinction of nationality, race, sex or religion and without any other restriction that could constitute discrimination. + Article 5 In the Socialist Republic of Romania the education has the following organization: -preschool education; -compulsory education of general culture; -high school education; -professional education and technical education; -higher education; -postgraduate education. + Article 6 The basic general culture is ensured to all citizens through compulsory education, lasting 10 years. Access to all grades of education is assured to everyone, according to the proven desire and skills, as well as to the requirements of the socialist economy and culture. + Article 7 The education of all grades is free. + Article 8 The state organizes the state scholarship system, as material support in order to ensure the right to teaching Students and students receive, Under the law, scholarships and other forms of material support, such as accommodation in homes or children's homes, meals at canteens, textbooks, transport on holidays and at practice in production, health care, rest in camps, excursions. + Article 9 The education of all ranks takes place in Romanian. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, for the co-resident nationalities the education of all grades is also carried out in its own language. The Ministry of Education assures the training of teaching staff necessary to learn in the languages of the conhabiting nationalities At the admission contests provided for in this law, candidates have the right to support the tests in their mother tongue in the disciplines they have studied in this language. + Article 10 In some schools, education can also be carried out in one of the modern languages of wide circulation. + Article 11 In the Socialist Republic of Romania, the state provides jobs to graduates of the specialized high school education, professional education, technical education and higher education. + Article 12 Education in the Socialist Republic of Romania is carried out unitary. The leadership, guidance and control of the entire education are exercised by the Ministry of Education, which carries out the policy of the party and the state in the field of education. + Article 13 The Ministry of Education collaborates with the other ministries or other central bodies that subordinate schools and provides expert assistance to the executive committees of the county folk councils and the Executive Board of the People's Council of Bucharest. In its work, the Ministry of Education rests on councils and advisory commissions, made up of teachers and the best specialists in education issues. + Article 14 In achieving the goals of education, the Ministry of Education collaborates with the Communist Youth Union, the Union of Student Associations and the Pioneers Organization, which contribute, according to their statutes, to the completion of professional training and to the civic and moral education of students and students. + Article 15 Educational institutions, in the work they carry out, collaborate closely with the family, ensuring their parents ' competition in preparing the youth for life and work. + Article 16 Educational institutions collaborate with public organizations and state institutions that have tasks in the field of mass education. + Title II Preschool education + Article 17 The preschool education aims to contribute to the education of children aged 3 to 6, in order to include them in general education, as well as to support parents in raising children. + Article 18 Preschool education is optional. He is carried out through kindergartens of children. For children with sensory, physical or intellectual impairments are organized kindergartens with specific activities. + Article 19 Children's kindergartens are organized, on preschool constituencies, by the executive committees of the county folk councils and by the Executive Committee of the People's Council of Bucharest. Children's kindergartens can be organized and besides state organizations, as well as besides cooperative organizations and other public organizations. + Article 20 At the request of the parents, the state bodies and the other organizations provided in the previous article can establish, besides some kindergartens, children's homes, in which the educational work carried out within the kindergarten continues and the supervision is ensured, children's meal and rest. For the maintenance of children in hostels, parents pay a monthly contribution. + Article 21 The plan for the inclusion of children in kindergartens and hostels, as well as the network of these units, is approved by the Ministry of Education, based on the proposals of the executive committees of the popular councils that organize kindergartens of children. The approval of the plan shall be approved in consultation with the State Planning Committee and the Ministry of Finance. + Article 22 The activity of educating children in kindergartens and hostels is carried out on the basis of programs developed by the Ministry of Education. + Article 23 The kindergarten of children is led by a director, who organizes and controls the entire educational and household activity of the unit. The director, in accordance with the legal norms, also responds to the activity of the children's home organized by the kindergarten. + Title III Compulsory education of general culture and high school education + Chapter I Organisation + Article 24 The compulsory education of general culture is achieved through general schools. High school education is achieved through high schools of general culture and specialized high schools. + Section 1 Compulsory education of general culture + Article 25 The compulsory education of general culture ensures students ' appropriation of general cultural bases, contributes to their intellectual and physical development, to their moral-citizen training, cultivates their interest and love for work, It forms practical skills, directs them and prepares them, according to their skills, to continue their studies in higher level education units or to carry out useful activities in different sectors of work. + Article 26 The compulsory education of general culture has a duration of 10 years. In this education are included all children who, until the beginning of the school year, have turned 6 years old. For less developed children the inclusion in the compulsory education of general culture can be postponed by one year. + Article 27 Students who have promoted the 8th grade of the general school can continue their studies at general culture high schools or specialized high schools. Students who promote the 9th or 10th grade of the general school can continue their studies, as the case may be, in the second or third years of high schools, under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 28 The compulsory education of general culture is education of the day. Under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education, one can organize seral education and education without frequency. + Article 29 The General Schools Network is approved by the Ministry of Education, based on the proposals of the executive committees of the popular councils that organize these schools, in line with the annual tuition plan, drawn up in consultation with the State Committee of the Planning and the Ministry of Finance. + Article 30 The general schools are organized, under the conditions established by law, by the executive committees of the county folk councils and by the Executive Committee of the People's Council of Bucharest. Each school is established a school district. For the cultivation of talents and the development of some skills, some general schools operate with special program. For children with sensory, physical or intellectual impairments or behavioral disorders, special general schools are organized, with the duration of studies and school programs specific to each category of deficiencies. + Section 2 High school education of general culture and specialized high school education + Article 31 The high school education of general culture provides students with a general multilateral culture, educates them in the spirit of the high duties of citizens of the socialist homeland, orienting them to continue their studies in higher education or carrying out useful activities, in different sectors of work. + Article 32 High schools of general culture can work with day education, having a duration of 4 years, as well as with seral education and education without frequency, having the duration of 5 years. + Article 33 High schools of general culture are organized on sections of real or humanistic nature. For the cultivation of talents and the development of skills, some high schools of general culture or their classes operate with special program. + Article 34 The network of general culture high schools and the annual tuition plan is approved by the Ministry of Education, based on the proposals of the executive committees of the county folk councils and the Executive Board of the People's Council of the Municipality Bucharest. The approval of the tuition plan is done in consultation with the State Planning Committee and the Ministry of Finance. + Article 35 The high schools of general culture are organized, under the conditions established by law, by the executive committees of the county folk councils and by the Executive Committee of the People's Council of Bucharest. For children with sensory or physical impairments can be organized general culture high schools with the duration of studies and school programs specific to each category of deficiencies. + Article 36 Admission to the high schools of general culture is based on competition, organized on the wards under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. At the admission competition for the day education you can present graduates of the 8th grade of the general school, without having exceeded the age of 17 fulfilled in the calendar year in which they register for the competition. Graduates of the 8th grade of the general school or persons possessing equivalent studies, regardless of age, may be present at the admission contest for seral education and non-frequent education. + Article 37 The specialized high school education provides students, besides the training of general culture and civic education, a professional training necessary to perform environmental specialized activities, according to the requirements of the economy and culture Socialist. + Article 38 The specialized high schools operate with daily education. For certain specialties can be organized and seral education or without frequency. The duration of studies in specialized high schools is 4 or 5 years, according to the provisions of the nomenclature of specialties. + Article 39 The network and profile of the specialized high schools, the specialty nomenclature, as well as the annual tuition plan, are approved by the Council of Ministers, at the proposal of the Ministry of Education, made in consultation with ministries and other bodies Stakeholders. + Article 40 The specialized high schools are organized by the ministries, by the other central bodies of the state administration or by the executive committees of the popular councils, established by the Council of Ministers. Art. 35 35 para. 2 also applies in the organization of specialized high schools. + Article 41 Admission to the specialized high schools is based on competition, organized under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. At the admission competition for the day education you can present the graduates of the 8th grade of the general school, if they have not exceeded the age of 17 fulfilled in the calendar year in which they register for the competition. For seral and non-frequent learning, they can present themselves at the admission competition, regardless of age, people who have graduated 8th grade of the General School or possess equivalent studies and work in the field of specialty in which To prepare. + Chapter II Educational process + Article 42 In general and high schools, instructive-educational activities are carried out through lessons, practical works in laboratories or school workshops, through circles of students or other actions outside the classroom and school. In the last 2 years of studies of high schools the educational process also includes the training program for the defense of the homeland. For the proper conduct of training and education activities, each class will have a supervisor designated by the management of the school unit. In support of the instructive-educational process, school libraries operate within the general schools and high schools. + Article 43 The structure of the school year, the duration of the lessons, the exam sessions and holidays are established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 44 The instructive-educational activity is carried out in accordance with the educational plans and school programs. For general schools and high schools of general culture, educational plans and school programs are developed by the Ministry of Education. In the case of school units with special program, the elaboration is done in consultation with the central state or public bodies interested. For specialized high schools the educational plans and school programs for general culture disciplines are developed by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with the other ministries and central bodies interested. The school programs for the specialized disciplines taught in the specialized high schools are elaborated by the ministries and other central bodies that organize these high schools and are approved by the Ministry of Education. + Article 45 The Ministry of Education is responsible for the elaboration of the textbooks necessary for the compulsory education of general culture and high school education. The textbooks are drawn up on the basis of school programs and must correspond to the contemporary scientific and pedagogical level. Textbooks in the languages of these nationalities shall be drawn up for the learning in the languages of the conhabiting + Article 46 In specialized high schools, practical training is carried out, according to school and school curricula plans, in school workshops, on experimental lots, in laboratories and demonstration rooms, in application schools, in businesses and other. Socialist organizations. + Article 47 In order to modernize the content and forms of the compulsory education of general culture and high school education, the Ministry of Education can approve the organization of experimental school units; it can also approve the application, in a limited number of schools or high schools, of educational plans, programs and experimental manuals, as well as the experimentation of teaching methods. + Article 48 The verification of the students ' training is done, throughout the school year, in the lessons and other forms of activity, as well as through exams, when appropriate. The appreciation of students ' knowledge is made with grades from 10 to 1. + Article 49 The promotion of students from one class to another is based on the grades obtained. Students who get at least the average 5 at each study object and at least the average 6 in wearing are promoted. Students can take corigence exams to no more than two study objects. Repeat the year of studies students who: -do not get at least the average 5 to more than two objects of study; --do not get at least the average 6 in wearing; --does not promote corigence exams. + Article 50 Students who have promoted the last year of general school studies receive graduation certificates. Students who have promoted at least 2 years at high schools can receive, on request, general school graduation certificates. + Article 51 Students who have promoted the last year of high school studies can take the baccalaureate exam. The baccalaureate exam is the verification of the level of preparation of graduates, their general and specialized culture and the ability to synthesize the knowledge obtained in high school. He is supported before a committee chaired, as a rule, by a professor or university lecturer and consists of written and oral evidence, mandatory and of choice. Candidates who obtain at least average 5 on each exam object are declared successful. The tests at the baccalaureate exam, its way of conducting, as well as the number and composition of commissions, are established by the Ministry of Education. Candidates who pass the exam receive the baccalaureate diploma, and those who do not promote it or who do not show up for the exam receive, on request, a high school graduation certificate. The baccalaureate diploma issued by the specialized high schools also includes the mention of the specialty that the holder studied. Graduates with baccalaureate exam of high school education can continue their studies in higher education. + Chapter III Students + Section 1 Rights and duties + Article 52 In the compulsory education of general culture, the enrolment of students in grades I-X is made ex officio, of general school in the constituency to which students have their domicile. Students of other nationality than the Romanian one can opt for enrolment at the general school with the teaching in Romanian from the school district in which they reside or at a school with teaching in the language of their nationality. Parents and other legal guardians are obliged to ensure the participation of children in lessons and other mandatory activities organized by the school. The violation of this obligation constitutes contravention and is sanctioned according to the law. + Article 53 In the day education, students who did not exceed the age corresponding to the class by more than 3 years are enrolled in the general schools. Students who have exceeded the age stipulated in the previous paragraph are obliged to continue their studies until the completion of the compulsory education of general culture through the seral or non-frequent education. Students who for different reasons did not promote the first 4 classes of the general school until the age of 13 will take an integral exam to promote the classes I-IV, according to the norms established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 54 The registration of students in the first year of high schools is made on request, based on the results obtained at the admission competition, and in the other years, following the promotion of the previous year of studies, under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 55 Students enrolled in the day or evening education at high schools can repeat the year of studies only once, and those who follow the education. no frequency, no more than twice. The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to the repetition of the academic year for medical reasons. + Article 56 Students can obtain the transfer, for thorough reasons, from a general school to another or from one high school to another, with the agreement of the two school units, under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 57 For the development of inclinations and skills of students, technical circles, literary cenacles, artistic ensembles, competitions, championships and other forms of cultural-artistic, technical and sports activities can be organized. Sports clubs can be organized for the development of performance sport in the ranks of students. + Article 58 In order to ensure their training, students are obliged to participate regularly in lessons and other actions organized by the school, to appropriate their knowledge and to form the skills provided by the school programs. Students are obliged to respect, in school and outside of school, the established discipline norms. + Article 59 For outstanding achievements in teaching, for exemplary behavior and for the way of participation in activities organized in school and outside of school, students are highlighted, being able to receive prizes and rewards. For non-compliance with their duties, students can be sanctioned. The rules for highlighting and sanctioning students are established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 60 In application of art. 11 of this law, graduates of the day education of specialized high schools that do not continue their studies in the higher education of the day are assigned to production, according to their training profile. After conducting an internship in production, established according to the law, graduates of specialized high schools can also occupy positions of foremen. + Section 2 Scholarships and other forms of material support + Article 61 In order to ensure schooling in the compulsory education of general culture and to support students in high school education, scholarships can be awarded depending on the situation in teaching and behavior, as well as the income of parents. + Article 62 Besides the general schools and high schools can operate students ' homes and school canteens, for students who, under the law, need such material support. + Article 63 Students in the compulsory education of general culture, as well as students in high school education receive free school textbooks. + Article 64 Students enjoy medical assistance provided by the Ministry of Health, through school medical-health personnel and through the network of medical-health facilities. + Article 65 Students benefit from the support provided according to the law for rest in camps and participation in excursions and sports activities organized by the school. + Article 66 Students maintained by the state in children's homes or all those who are in the records of these houses, as well as students maintained in schools for children with sensory, physical or intellectual impairments, also benefit from free transport on holidays. + Chapter IV Management and administration of general schools and high schools + Article 67 Each school unit is run by a principal. It is aided in the performance of its duties by the teaching council and, when applicable, by one or more deputy directors. The Director has the following main tasks -organizes, leads and controls the instructive-educational and household activity of the school; -issue the study papers; -appoints and releases from office the helpful and administrative-household teaching staff of its nomenclature; -represents the school in relations with any persons or organizations. The director of the general school also has the attribution to ensure the realization of the compulsory education of general culture in the school district established for the school he leads. The Director may delegate some of his duties to the Deputy Directors. + Article 68 Within the school it operates, under the chairmanship of the director, a teacher board consisting of the teaching and teaching staff, and when applicable, and from the practice training staff. The teaching council shall take decisions, by open vote, by a majority of at least half plus one of its members. The teaching council has the following main tasks: -debates the main problems of the instructive-educational activity in the school and establishes measures to improve this activity; -approves the program of educational actions, drawn up in collaboration with youth organizations; -contribute to the generalization of the positive experience from the work of the teaching staff and to the improvement -periodically analyzes the performance of work plans and the results of the school's work. Within the schools you can organize methodical commissions on specialties and a commission of the supervisors in order to contribute to the improvement of the instructive-educational process. + Article 69 For the conduct of administrative-household activity, schools are classified with the necessary personnel, according to the legal norms. + Article 70 In addition to schools there are parent committees, as the main form of collaboration of the school with the family. The activity of parental quotas is carried out according to the norms established by the Ministry of Education + Title IV Professional education and technical education + Chapter I Organisation + Article 71 Professional education is achieved through vocational schools and apprenticeships at work. Technical education is carried out through schools of foremen and schools of post-secondary specialization. Vocational education and technical education are also carried out through qualification courses and training courses for workers and the average specialist staff. + Section 1 Professional education + § § 1. Vocational school + Article 72 The vocational school prepares skilled workers for the trades necessary for the national economy or the conduct of social-cultural activities. + Article 73 The duration of studies in vocational schools is 1-2 years and is established by nomenclature for each profession, depending on its complexity. For some activities specific to cooperative organizations, the duration of the studies may be more than 2 years. Vocational schools can work with day education and evening education. For the qualification of persons with sensory, physical or intellectual impairments, professional schools can be organized with the duration of studies and school programs specific to each category of deficiencies. + Article 74 The trades nomenclature, the network of vocational schools and their profile are approved by the Ministry of Education, at the proposal of the central bodies of the state administration, the executive committees of the county folk councils and the Committee executive of the People's Council of Bucharest, or of the central bodies of the cooperative organizations. The approval of the nomenclature is done in consultation with the State Planning Committee, the Ministry of Labour and the State Committee on Organizing and Payroll Issues. The annual tuition plan is established by the central bodies of the state administration, by the executive committees of the county folk councils and by the Executive Board of the People's Council of Bucharest or by the central bodies of the cooperative organizations, in collaboration with the Ministry of Labor, in consultation with the State Planning Committee and the Ministry of Finance and with the consent of the Ministry of Education. + Article 75 Vocational schools are organized, in addition to enterprises and other socialist organizations, by ministries, other central bodies of the state administration, by executive committees of county folk councils and by the executive board of the council. popular of the city of Bucharest or by the central bodies of the cooperative organizations. + Article 76 Admission to vocational schools is based on competition, organized under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. At the admission competition for the day education you can present the graduates of the general school, without having exceeded the age of 18 fulfilled in the calendar year in which they register for the competition. For some trades the Ministry of Education can establish, at the proposal of interested bodies, other conditions of age. For the seral education they can present themselves at the admission competition, regardless of age, people who have graduated from the general school or possess equivalent studies and work in the profession in which they are going to qualify. + § § Two. Apprenticeship at work + Article 77 Apprenticeship at work is one of the rules by which the training of skilled workers is carried out. Through this form of education, the practical training of young people is carried out in the process of daily activity, in production or service units of the population, and the theoretical training is ensured by seral professional education or by Day education organized In periods of 2-3 months per year, during which the disciples leave the production. + Article 78 The duration of studies, the nomenclature of trades and the annual tuition plan for apprenticeships at work shall be established under the conditions of art. 73 73 para. 1 1 and art. 74. + Article 79 Admission of young people as apprentices is done by competition, in compliance with the conditions established by the Ministry of Education for vocational schools. Those who succeed at the competition conclude, with the consent of their parents or other legal guardians, apprenticeship contracts with the units in which they carry out the practical training. + Section 2 Technical education + § § 1. School of foremen + Article 80 The school of foremen prepares technical staff necessary in the organization and conduct of the production process. The school of foremen works with seral education; it can also function with daily education. + Article 81 The duration of studies in the schools of foremen is 2 years for the seral education and 1 year for the day education. + Article 82 The establishment of the classification of specialties, the network and the profile of the master schools, the annual tuition plan, as well as the organization of these schools, are made according to the provisions of art. 74 74 and art. 75. + Article 83 Admission to the schools of foremen is based on competition, organized under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. At the admission competition you can present qualified workers, assigned to one of the last two qualification categories, who are graduates of vocational schools, other equivalent schools or general culture high schools, have satisfied military service and are recommended by the socialist organizations in which they work. For some specialties established by the nomenclature, qualified workers, graduates of the general school can be present at the competition, in compliance with the other conditions provided in the previous paragraph. In this case, the date of studies is 2 years and the day education. + § § Two. Post-secondary school of specialization + Article 84 The post-secondary school of specialization carries out the professional training of graduates of high schools of general culture, in order to exercise environmental, technical or social-cultural activities. + Article 85 The duration of studies in post-secondary specialization schools is 1-2 years and is established, for each specialty, by nomenclature. By decision of the Council of Ministers, it will be possible to establish, for some specialties, a duration of studies up to 3 years. Schools of post-secondary specialization can function with day education and seral education. For some specialties can be organized and education without frequency. + Article 86 The establishment of the classification of specialties, the network and the profile of the post-secondary specialization schools, as well as the tuition plan, is made according to the provisions of 74. + Article 87 The post-secondary specialization schools are organized by ministries, other central bodies of the state administration, executive committees of the county folk councils and the Executive Committee of the People's Council of Bucharest central to cooperative organizations. + Article 88 At the admission competition you can present graduates of the general culture high school who have passed the baccalaureate exam or graduates with a diploma of other equivalent schools. For the seral and non-frequent education, persons who meet the conditions of studies provided for in the previous paragraph and work in the field of specialty in which they are going to prepare, can be present at the admission competition. The Ministry of Education can establish some specialties for which you can present to the competition graduates of the general culture high school without a baccalaureate exam. + Chapter II Educational process + Article 89 The educational process in the school units of vocational education and technical education shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of art. 42 42, 43 and 46-49 inclusive, which shall apply accordingly, with the additions of this chapter. + Article 90 The instructive-educational activity is carried out on the basis of educational plans, school curricula and school textbooks. Education plans and school curricula for general culture disciplines are elaborated by the Ministry of Education. The school programs for the specialized disciplines shall be developed by the ministries and other central bodies concerned and approved by the Ministry of Education. The development of school textbooks is provided by the Ministry of Education together with the other ministries and central bodies that organize school facilities. + Article 91 Students of vocational schools, schools of foremen and schools of post-secondary specialization, as well as apprentices, after the promotion of the last year of studies, take the graduation exam on the basis of which they receive the school graduation diploma. In application of the provisions of the previous paragraph, apprentices receive the diploma of vocational school. Those who do not pass the exam provided for in paragraph 1 of this article receive a school graduation certificate. For the completion of practical training, graduates of vocational schools will work in production, as practitioners, a period of 3-12 months. The rights conferred by the diploma or the graduation certificate are those established by the legal norms. + Chapter III Students + Section 1 Rights and duties + Article 92 The registration of students in the first year of school units in vocational education and technical education is on request, based on the results obtained at the admission competition, and in the other years, following the promotion of the previous year, under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. With the registration in the first year of the day education, students conclude contracts with socialist organizations, through which they take the obligation to work, at those organizations, for a period of 2-3 years after graduating from school and obtaining qualification. In the case of students aged less than 18 years, the contracts end with the consent of the parents or other legal guardians. The terms of the contract will be determined by decision of the Council of Ministers. + Article 93 Students enrolled in the day or evening education can repeat the same year of studies only once, and those enrolled in the education without frequency, no more than twice. At schools of foremen one can repeat the year of studies only in well-motivated cases and with the agreement of the socialist organization that made the recommendation. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs of this Article shall not apply to the repetition of the year of studies for medical reasons. + Article 94 Students can obtain the transfer, for thorough reasons, from one school unit to another, with the agreement of the two units, only in the same specialty or profession. Transferring from one type of school to another, from one profession or specialty to another, as well as from one form of learning to another-education of the day, evening or without frequency-is done under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 95 Art. 57-59 inclusive shall also apply accordingly to students in the school facilities of vocational education and technical education. + Article 96 Graduates from the day education of vocational schools, maistri schools and post-secondary specialization schools are assigned to production, according to their specialty. + Article 97 Graduates of vocational schools can be received at high schools after the promotion of the difference exams established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 98 Graduates of schools of foremen who have not graduated from high school can present themselves at the baccalaureate exam organized at high schools, after completing their studies under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 99 Graduates of post-secondary specialization schools who possess a baccalaureate diploma can be enrolled in higher education, under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Section 2 Scholarships and other forms of material support + Article 100 Students from vocational schools, master schools and post-secondary specialization schools benefit from scholarships and other forms of material support, under the conditions established by law for each type of school. Young employees as apprentices receive the regulated material support for the form of apprenticeship training at work. + Chapter IV Management and administration of school facilities in vocational education and technical education + Article 101 For the management and administration of school units in proportional education and technical education, the provisions of art. 67 67 and art. 69. Vocational schools, schools of foremen and post-secondary specialization schools can be constituted in school groups, having only one leadership. + Article 102 Within the school units of vocational education and technical education it operates, under the chairmanship of the director, teachers, whose duties are those established in art. 68 68 para. 3. The teaching boards consist of the teaching staff, teaching and practical training. In some school units, the commissions provided for in art. 68 68 para. 4. + Article 103 The parent committees, provided in art. 70, also works in addition to vocational schools. + Chapter V Courses for the qualification and improvement of the workers and the average specialist staff + Article 104 For the job qualification of workers and the average specialist staff, enterprises and other state socialist organizations can also organize qualification courses. In order to give qualified workers and specialized environmental personnel, according to the requirements of the jobs where they operate, the theoretical and practical knowledge on new perfected machinery and manufacturing technologies introduced in production or for, to gather their knowledge in a restricted field of their trade or specialty, enterprises and other state socialist organizations can organize, at work, refresher courses. + Article 105 The organization of qualification and refresher courses, in enterprises and other state socialist organizations, is approved by the central bodies of the state administration or by the executive committees of the county folk councils or by Executive Board of the People's Council of Bucharest to which these organizations are subordinated, according to the tuition plan and within the limits of the funds allocated by the state plan. Qualification courses and refresher courses can also be organized in centers set up by the central bodies of the state administration or by the executive committees of the county folk councils or by the Executive Board of the People's Council of the Bucharest, in order to prepare the necessary personnel of several socialist organizations subordinated to these bodies. + Article 106 The qualification courses take place, depending on the complexity of the trade, in one or two cycles (degrees). The duration of the qualification courses for a cycle is 3-12 months, depending on the volume of knowledge to be taught and is established for each profession or specialty by nomenclature. + Article 107 The nomenclature of trades and cycles that prepare the skilled workers, the nomenclature of specialties in which the average specialist staff is prepared through qualification courses, as well as the annual tuition plan, shall be established in the conditions provided in art. 74. + Article 108 The duration of the refresher courses is established by the educational plans, between one month and six months, depending on the volume of knowledge to be taught. + Article 109 Qualification and refresher courses work without removing from the workplace of those who attend them. Courses with removal from work can also be organized, under conditions established by the decision of the Council of Ministers. + Article 110 The conditions of admission to the qualification courses and to the refresher courses shall be established by the bodies referred to in art. 105 105 para. 1, depending on the requirements and complexity of each trade or specialties. The establishment of admission conditions to the qualification courses is done with the agreement of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labour. + Article 111 The qualification and refresher courses are carried out according to the educational plans and the developed course programs, based on the norms established by the Ministry of Education, by the bodies provided in art. 105 105 para. 1. + Article 112 The qualification and refresher courses are concluded by a theoretical and practical examination, for the promotion of which candidates must obtain at least the average 5. Those who promote this exam receive a certificate of graduation. + Article 113 Holders of the second cycle certificate of qualification courses, who have graduated and general school or possess equivalent studies, can present themselves at the vocational school graduation exam and, in case of promotion, receive the diploma of graduation of the vocational school. + Article 114 Persons who attend the qualification or refresher courses shall enjoy material support, under the conditions established by the decision of the Council of Ministers. + Article 115 Expenditure on the organisation and functioning of training courses and training courses shall be borne, where appropriate, from the production funds or from the circulation funds of the socialist organisations for which the frameworks are prepared. The expenses for the preparation of the staff necessary for the budgetary institutions, which are borne from the budget and those for preparation staff necessary for new socialist organizations or new objectives, to start their activity, which is borne, if the law does not provide otherwise, from the investment fund. + Article 116 Cooperative organizations can set up qualification courses and refresher courses to prepare the workers and technical-administrative staff they need, applying accordingly the provisions contained in this chapter. The financing of the courses as well as the establishment and granting of material support for the students are the responsibility + Article 117 For certain trades not listed in the trade nomenclature of vocational schools may be prepared by qualification and apprenticeship courses, with the appropriate application of the provisions of this Chapter. + Title V Higher education + Chapter I Organisation + Article 118 Higher education forms highly qualified specialists required in the various fields of social life and contributes to the advancement of science, technique and culture. Higher education is achieved through higher education institutions. + Section 1 Organisation of higher education institutions + Article 119 Higher education institutions are: universities, institutes, academies, conservatories. + Article 120 Higher education institutions are established by law. They have legal personality. + Article 121 Higher education institutions are organized on faculties. The faculties can be organized on the wards, according to the classification of specialties. The faculties shall be established by decision of the Council of Ministers. In the subordination of higher education institutions there are organized institutes organized on faculties and wards. + Article 122 For the formation of intermediate frames between engineers and technicians or foremen shall be organized. Within technical or polytechnic institutes, sections of subengineers or of architectural conductors. The training of subengineers and architects will also be possible within the framework of institutes of subengineers or of architects, subordinate to technical or polytechnic institutes. + Article 123 For the preparation of teachers from the compulsory education of general culture, pedagogical institutes are organized, as institutions of higher education within the meaning of art. 119 119 and art. 120 of this law or as institutes subordinated to universities, for the same purpose you can also organize faculties or wards within universities. + Article 124 The instructive, educational and scientific research activity in the faculties is organized on the chairs. + Article 125 The duration of studies in higher education institutions is from 3 to 6 years. At some faculties and wards that prepare teachers for the compulsory education of general culture the duration of studies can be 2-3 years. At the wards and institutes of subengineers and conductors architects the duration of the studies is 2-3 years. The duration of the studies shall be determined, within the limits set out in the preceding paragraphs, by decision of the Council of Ministers, depending on the specialty and the purpose of preparation + Article 126 Studies in higher education institutions are conducted by day learning. At some faculties, for the specialties established by the decision of the Council of Ministers, it can also be organized seral education or education without frequency with a duration of studies of more than one year compared to the one established for the day education. + Article 127 The nomenclature of specialties and the annual tuition plan shall be drawn up by the Ministry of Education, at the proposal of the ministries and other central bodies concerned, in consultation with the State Planning Committee and approved by decision of the Council of Ministers. + Article 128 The higher education institution is run by a teaching board. At some higher education institutions, established by the Ministry of Education, the teaching council has the senate name. + Article 129 The teaching board consists of rector, as president, vice-rectors, faculty deans, 2-4 representatives of each faculty, elected by their teacher boards among the heads of department or other professors or lecturers. years term and representative of the Romanian Communist Party organization, as members. The teaching council also includes 1-3 consultant teachers appointed by this council itself. A representative of the trade union organization of the teaching staff, the Communist Youth Union organization and the Students ' Association participate in the meetings of the teaching council. The number of representatives of each faculty is fixed by the rector, based on the norms established by the Ministry of Education. The teaching council shall select a scientific secretary from among its members. The teaching council is convened by the rector, monthly, in ordinary meetings and, whenever needed, in extraordinary meetings. + Article 130 The teaching council shall take decisions, by open vote, by a majority of at least half plus one of its members, if the law does not provide otherwise. + Article 131 The teaching council has the following main tasks: -decides on the conduct of the educational and scientific process, based on the norms established by the Ministry of Education; -endorses the changes made to the education plans by the faculty teachers; -approves the centralized cultural-educational plan of the higher education institution; -proposes to the Ministry of Education scientific research plans, aims to achieve them and the results of scientific activity, allocate the material means affected for this purpose; -elaborates the plan for editing courses and textbooks and proposes it to the Ministry of Education; -proposes to the Ministry of Education, in consultation with the teaching councils of the faculties, the structure of the departments; delegates, at the proposal of the faculty teachers of the faculties and with the agreement of the Ministry of Education, the heads of department; -appoints teachers or lecturers who will be part, as members, of the faculty's teaching councils; -decides, on the basis of the opinion of the faculty teaching council, on the outcome of the competitions for filling the positions of teachers and lecturers; -confirms the decisions of the faculty teachers of the faculties on the outcome of the competitions for filling the positions of assistants; -decides on the dismissal of assistants and trainee assistants; -resolves the appeals regarding the expulsion of students and complaints about the refusal of re-registration; -approves, according to the law, the proposals on granting merit gradations; -decides, under the law, on the conferral of the title of doctor honoris causa. + Article 132 Between the meetings of the teaching council, the management is provided by an office made up of rector, vice-rectors and the scientific secretary + Article 133 The rector provides the operative management, solving the problems related to the current educational, scientific and household activity of the institution of higher education. The rector represents the institution of higher education in relations with any persons or organizations. Also the Rector: -ensures the fulfilment of the decisions of the teaching council and presents to him a report on the activity of the institution of higher education; -verify the regularity of the procedure of advancement or competition for filling positions of heads of works (lecturers); -appoints and releases from office, on the basis of the decision of the teaching council, assistants and trainee assistants; -appoints and releases from office the technical-administrative and household staff; -order the registration, expulsion and re-registration of students; -issue the study papers; -organizes, support of youth organizations, guidance and control of student dormitories and canteens; -confirms the decision of the doctoral commissions; -confers, under the law, scientific titles; -meets any other duties provided by law. + Article 134 In the performance of his duties the rector is helped by one or more vice-rectors. The number of prorectors is established by the Ministry of Education, depending on the volume and complexity of the institution's activity The rector may delegate some of his duties to the vice-rectors. In the case of subordinate institutes provided for in art. 121, one of the prorectors is delegated with the operative management of the activity of these institutes. + Article 135 The rector is authorising officer. With the authorization of the Minister of Education he can delegate the duties resulting from this quality to one of the vice-rectors. + Article 136 The rector is appointed by the Minister of Education for 4 years, among 3 members of the teaching council, proposed by him by uninominal vote. For thorough reasons, the rector may be relieved of office by the Minister of Education before the expiry of the 4-year term. + Article 137 The vice-rectors are appointed by the Minister of Education for 4 years, among the professors of the institution, at the proposal of the rector, made in consultation with the teaching council. For thorough reasons, the vice-rectors can be released from office by the ministry of education before the expiry of the 4-year term. + Article 138 In order to carry out their teaching, educational, scientific and administrative-household activity, the higher education institutions are also classified as technical-administrative and household personnel, according to the legal norms. + Section 2 Organizing faculties + Article 139 Each faculty is run by a teaching board. + Article 140 The teaching and faculty council consists of dean, as president, vice-deans, heads of department, other professors or lecturers appointed by the teaching council of the institution of higher education at the proposal of the dean, and the representative Romanian Communist Party organization, as members. The teaching council also includes 1-2 consultant teachers appointed by this council itself. A representative of the trade union organization of the teaching staff, of the organization of the Union of the Communist Youth and of the Students ' Association is attended by the teacher The professorial board elects members and a scientific secretary. The teaching council is convened by the dean, monthly, in ordinary meetings and, whenever necessary, in extraordinary meetings. + Article 141 The teaching council shall take decisions, by open vote, by a majority of at least half plus one of its members, if the law does not provide otherwise. + Article 142 The faculty of the faculty has the following main tasks: -decides on the conduct of the educational and scientific process in the faculty and makes proposals on the scientific research plan, based on the norms established by the Ministry of Education; -makes changes to the education plans, under the conditions provided by art. 155 155; -approves, according to the norms established by the Ministry of Education, the course programs; -endorses the outcome of the competitions for filling positions of teachers and lecturers; -decides on the advancement in posts of heads of works (lecturers), as well as on the result of competitions for filling positions of heads of works, (lecturers) and assistants; -approves the decisions of the committees established for the awarding of the title of doctor-docent in sciences + Article 143 between the meetings of the teaching council, the management is provided by an office made up of dean, vice-dean and scientific secretary. + Article 144 The dean provides the operative leadership, solving the problems related to the current instructive-educational and scientific activity of the faculty. The Dean represents the faculty in dealing with any individuals or organizations. Also the Dean: -ensures that the decisions of the teacher council are fulfilled; -applies, except for expulsion, disciplinary sanctions to students. + Article 145 In the performance of his duties the dean can be helped by one or more prodecans. The need to appoint some prodecans, as well as their number, are established by the Ministry of Education, depending on the volume and complexity of the faculty's activity. The Dean may delegate some of his duties to the Prodecans or to any of the members of the teaching board. + Article 146 The Dean is appointed by the Minister of Education, for 4 years, from among 3 members of the faculty's teaching council, proposed by him by uninominal vote. The proposal of the teaching and faculty council will be endorsed by the rector. For thorough reasons, the dean may be relieved of his duties by the Minister of Education before the expiry of the 4-year term. + Article 147 The vice-deans are appointed by the rector, for 4 years, at the proposal of the dean, made in consultation with the faculty's teaching council. For thorough reasons, the vice-deans can be relieved of their duties, by the rector, with the same procedure, before the expiry of the 4-year term. + Section 3 Organization of departments + Article 148 The chairs are made up of the teaching staff who perform the instructive-educational and scientific activity within a discipline or several related disciplines. + Article 149 The Department is headed by a head of delegated department, with the consent of the Ministry of Education, by the teaching council of the institution of higher education, at the proposal of the faculty teaching council, among the members of the department. + Article 150 The head of department organizes the activity of the department and is responsible for the realization by its staff, of the educational process in the discipline or disciplines that are part of the department, as well as the performance of the tasks of the department on Motodico-educational and scientific research. + Section 4 Admission to higher education + Article 151 Admission to higher education is based on competition. Persons who possess a baccalaureate diploma or an equivalent degree may be present at the admission competition. Only people who work in the field of specialty that they want to study can be present at the admission competition for the evening education. + Article 152 The competition disciplines, the written and oral tests and the procedure of the contest are established by the Ministry of Education, at the proposal of higher education institutions. + Chapter II Educational process + Article 153 The structure of the academic year, the duration of the classes and the other forms of activity, the exam sessions and the holidays are established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 154 The educational process is carried out in accordance with the education plans and the course programs. The teaching councils, the heads of department and all the teaching staff respond to the content, the scientific level and the orientation of the educational process. In order to modernize and improve the educational process, the Ministry of Education can approve the application, in some institutions of higher education, of plans, programs or experimental teaching methods. + Article 155 The education plans include, on semesters, years of studies and forms of activity (lectures, seminars, practical works) compulsory subjects, of choice and faculties, applicative activities, practice in production and pedagogical practice, documentary excursions, as well as the number and forms of exams and colloquiums that check the preparation of students. The educational plans are drawn up, on specialties, by the Ministry of Education, in consultation with specialists and central bodies interested. In the general framework fixed by the Ministry of Education, the teaching councils have the right to make changes to the education plans, depending on the profile to which the faculty or section is oriented. These changes are subject to approval by the Ministry of Education. + Article 156 The practice in the production provided in the educational plans is carried out, as the case may be, in enterprises and institutions, in workshops, laboratories or on the field and aims to deepen and apply the theoretical knowledge appropriated by students to lectures, seminars and practical work. The pedagogical practice stipulated in the education plans is carried out in general and high schools and aims to acquire by students the teaching methods and the ability necessary to exercise the teaching profession. + Article 157 The volume and content of the knowledge that are taught to students in each discipline are established by course programs. The course programs are developed at the scientific and technical level contemporary, by the chairs, based on the norms established by the Ministry of Education and are approved by the faculty teachers of the faculties. + Article 158 Higher education institutions ensure the elaboration, at the sight of editing, courses, manuals and teaching materials, necessary to carry out the learning process and respond to their content, scientific level and orientation. The editorial plan is approved by the Ministry of Education, based on the proposals of higher education institutions. + Article 159 The verification of the training of students is done throughout the studies, in seminars, practical works and other forms of activity, as well as through exams and colloquia. The appreciation of student knowledge is done with notes The maximum grade is 10 and the minimum promotion grade is 5. + Article 160 The students ' school situation ends, every year, after the last exam session. Students who have obtained at least grade 5 in all the disciplines provided in the education plan are promoted in the academic year, the Others repeat the year or are expelled, according to the norms established by the Ministry of Education. In a academic year one can promote a single year of studies. For some specialties, at the proposal of the institution of higher education, the Ministry of Education can approve some students with exceptional training to promote 2 years of studies in a university year. + Article 161 Studies in higher education institutions end with a diploma examination, which aims to verify the ability of graduates to synthesize and apply the assimilated knowledge in the years of studies. The diploma examination shall be held in the forms provided for in the educational plan and under the conditions established by the decision of the Council of Ministers. Those who obtain at this exam at least grade 6 are declared successful. + Article 162 Graduates succeed in the diploma exam, the higher education institution issues them diplomas with specific names established by the decision of the Council of Ministers. Graduates declared rejected in the diploma exam or who do not show up for this exam receive, on request, a certificate of graduation. + Article 163 Graduates from the day education of higher education institutions carry out an internship of 2-3 years, in the specialty in which they have prepared or in a related specialty, in order to complete their training. The internship is carried out in economic organizations, educational institutions, scientific research, or other social-cultural institutions, as well as in the state apparatus. In order to ensure the jobs of all graduates, socialist organizations are obliged to observe the acts of distribution at the internship. Violation of the provisions of the previous paragraph constitutes contravention and is sanctioned according to the law The internship gives the graduates the right to finalize the classification in the socialist organization to which they did the internship or to the framing in another socialist organization. + Chapter III Students + Section 1 Rights and duties + Article 164 The registration in the first year of the higher education institutions is made by the rector, at the request of the student, based on the results obtained at the admission appeal. With the registration in the first year of the day education, between the rector, as the authorized of the state, and the student will conclude a contract. The contract will include, for the state, the obligation to provide the student with adequate conditions of education for the student, the obligation to comply with the norms of activity and university behavior, as well as to perform the internship provided in art. 163, in the workplace where he will be assigned. The terms of the contract will be determined by decision of the Council of Ministers. + Article 165 Student enrollment in the other years of studies is done by the dean, at the student's request, based on the school situation in the previous year. + Article 166 Students can obtain transfer from one faculty to another of the same, profile or similar profile, from one ward to another within the same faculty, or from one form of learning to another-day education, evening or without frequency-in the same faculty. the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 167 In order to initiate students in the scientific research activity, student scientific circles can be organized. The student scientific circles are guided by the teachers appointed by the head of the specialized department. The initiation and guidance of students in scientific research can also be organized by attracting them to the realization of the themes inscribed in the scientific research plan of the departments or research units. + Article 168 For the development of literary and artistic inclinations of students, for the widening of their cultural horizon, as well as for their physical development and sports training, they can organize athenaeums, literary cenacles, clubs, sports facilities and other forms of cultural-artistic and sporting activities. + Article 169 In order to fulfill, as specialists and citizens, an active role in society, students have the duty to thoroughly appropriate the knowledge that ensures their preparation, to participate in the forms of didactic activity established by the education plan, to respect the inner regulations of higher education institutions, to have a civilized behavior towards teachers, their colleagues and any other persons, in and outside the institution. + Article 170 Students who live in hostels and dine at the canteens are obliged to observe the regulations of interior order and to take care of the public goods that are made available to them. Through their organizations and in collaboration with the management of the higher education institution, the students participate in ensuring the smooth gait of the dormitories and canteens. + Article 171 For outstanding achievements in teaching, participation in the activities organized by the institution of higher education and exemplary behavior, students are highlighted, being able to receive rewards. For non-compliance with their duties, students can be sanctioned. The rules for highlighting and sanctioning students shall be established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 172 Graduates with a degree of a faculty can attend another faculty, no admission competition, frequency exemption or non-frequency education and the equivalence of exams in subjects with identical or similar content, under the conditions. established by the Ministry of Education. + Section 2 Scholarships and other forms of material support + Article 173 During the studies, students can receive scholarships, depending on the results obtained in teaching and compliance with the university discipline, taking into account the income of the parents. + Article 174 Scholarship students who do not have their domicile in the university center where they do their studies have provided accommodation in hostels and meals at the canteens. They can also live in hostels and dine at canteens, for a fee, and non-scholarship students, within the limits of available places. + Article 175 Through the libraries of higher education institutions students are provided with textbooks and university courses, as well as other specialized works, necessary for the study. + Article 176 Students benefit from free transport on holidays and at practice in production, under the conditions established by law. + Article 177 Art. 64 64 and art. 65, apply, appropriately, to students as well. + Article 178 Students with exceptional learning outcomes can receive, according to the law, merit scholarships or scholarships and other forms of material support for continuing their studies abroad. + Chapter IV Scientific research + Article 179 The scientific research of teaching staff in higher education is organized within the framework of annual and prospective plans, being oriented towards solving important problems of science and technique, according to the requirements Romanian economy and culture. Scientific research is organized within each department or by groups of chairs. + Article 180 For the development of important scientific research, the Ministry of Education can establish, within the higher education institutions, with the agreement of the National Council of Scientific Research, scientific research centers. + Article 181 Scientific research units referred to in art. 180 operates under the direction of a teacher or lecturer. + Article 182 In order to stimulate scientific research, higher education institutions can conclude contracts, according to the law, with socialist organizations interested in solving scientific and technical-scientific problems provided in the research or proposed by the beneficiaries. + Article 183 The coordination of scientific research in higher education is done by the Ministry of Education, according to the norms established by the National Council of Scientific Research. + Article 184 For particularly valuable results in scientific research, the Ministry of Education annually grants to the teaching staff awards, based on the regulation made up with the consultation of the National Council of Scientific Research, of the State Committee for Organization and Salarization Issues and the Ministry of Finance. + Chapter V Scientific titles + Article 185 Higher education institutions confer, under the law, the scientific titles of doctor, doctor-docent in sciences and doctor honoris causa. + Article 186 Higher education institutions organize the doctorate in different branches of science, in order to obtain a high specialized scientific qualification. + Article 187 The organization of the doctorate, the admission conditions, the training session, the support of the doctoral thesis and the material support provided to the doctoral students are regulated by the law. + Article 188 The title of doctor-docent in science can be given to people who have the title of doctor, have distinguished themselves through a long scientific activity and have made a valuable contribution to the progress of science. + Article 189 The title of doctor honoris causa can be given to Romanian or foreign citizens who have distinguished themselves through particularly important achievements in the field of science, technique, culture, through great service to our homeland and humanity. + Chapter VI Annexes I and I + Article 190 In the subordination of higher education institutions can operate, under the law, annexes: libraries, museums, botanical gardens, experimental scientific or didactic resorts, as well as editorial-polygraphic annexes. + Article 191 The annexes support the teaching and scientific research in higher education and carry out their own research in their field of activity. + Article 192 The editorial-polygraphic annexes companies edit courses, manuals and other teaching material necessary to prepare students and publish the results of scientific research of teaching staff and students, which cannot be included in the Publishing plans. They pay copyright, according to legal norms. + Article 193 Management staff of the institutions of undertakings referred to in art. 190 is appointed by the Minister of Education. For the appointment of the research staff, specialized or administrative-household, the norms established by the Ministry of Education are applied, based on the legal provisions on each category of personnel. + Title VI Postgraduate education + Article 194 Higher education institutions can organize, according to the needs of ministries or other central bodies interested, postgraduate courses, through which they ensure: -professional improvement through the knowledge of new achievements in the specialty; -deepening a restricted area in the specialty or in a related branch; -appropriation of new research methods and techniques; -training of specialized personnel in the management and organization of production. Postgraduate courses, organized according to the provisions of the previous paragraph, can also operate within research institutes or in some important economic centers. + Article 195 Postgraduate courses can have a duration of no more than 12 months, depending on the complexity of the field in which improvement or specialization is made. The courses can be organized by day, evening or without frequency. + Article 196 The nomenclature of specialties and the annual tuition plan is approved by the Council of Ministers, at the proposal of the Ministry of Education, with the agreement of the National Council of Scientific Research in consultation with ministries and other state bodies Interested. + Article 197 Students who possess a diploma issued by a higher education institution and who are recommended by ministries or other central bodies may be enrolled in postgraduate courses. At some postgraduate courses, established by the Ministry of Education, admission is made by competition. + Article 198 The education plans and the course programs are elaborated by the Ministry of Education, in collaboration with the other ministries and central bodies concerned. + Article 199 Graduates of postgraduate courses receive a graduation certificate issued by the higher education institution that organized the courses. + Title VII Teaching staff and scientific research staff + Chapter I Teaching staff from preschool education, compulsory education of general culture, high school education, vocational education and technical education + Article 200 The instructive-educational activity in the school units in the compulsory education of general culture, from the high school education, from the professional education and from the technical education shall be provided by teaching staff and teaching staff Helpful. In the compulsory education of general culture and in the high school education of general culture, teachers with special tasks for the school and vocational orientation of the students can also function. + Article 201 Teaching staff are composed of teachers and institutes, who ensure the teaching of all subjects provided in the education plans to the I-IV classes of the general school, and from teachers and maistri-instructors, who teach on disciplines, at the other classes of the general school, at high schools and school facilities in vocational education and technical education. In the I-IV classes of the general school the teaching can also be done on disciplines, by teachers. + Article 202 Educating children in kindergartens, as well as in dormitories that work besides them, is entrusted to educators. + Article 203 The appointment and release from education of educators, teachers, institutes, teachers and teachers-instructors are made by the Ministry of Education under the conditions and with the procedure provided for in the Statute of the teaching staff. The classification in teaching tastes is done, under the conditions and with the procedure provided for in the Statute of the teaching staff, by the executive committees of the county folk councils and the Executive Committee of the People's Council of Bucharest, ministries, other central bodies of the state administration, as well as central bodies of cooperative organizations, in the subordination of which schools operate. The transfer and posting and the rights and duties of the teaching staff referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall also be regulated in the Staff Regulations. + Article 204 The number of teaching positions in the preschool education units and the number of teaching positions in the units of compulsory education of general culture and secondary school education shall be fixed by the inspectorate school on the basis, as the case may be, of the educational plans, of the didactic norms, established for each category of teaching staff, as well as the number of classes or groups of children. The number of teaching positions at the school units in the specialized high school education, as well as from the professional education and technical education, is fixed by the state or cooperative bodies that organize those units, on the basis of criteria set out in the preceding paragraph + Article 205 The work obligations of educators consist in the conduct of the educational program in kindergartens and children's homes and the management of educational actions with children outside the kindergarten. The work obligations of teachers, institutes, teachers and teachers-instructors consist in teaching disciplines and driving the practical activities included in the teaching norm, in carrying out the educational tasks they return to school And out of school. The teaching staff referred to in the preceding paragraphs shall also be required to participate in the activities organized for its improvement, as well as social-cultural work. + Article 206 Teaching staff can be appointed to management positions of school facilities, according to the criteria established, unitary, by the Ministry of Education. The appointment and release from the management positions shall be as follows: -of the county school inspectorates and the School Inspectorate of Bucharest, in kindergartens of children and general schools; -of the executive committees of the county folk councils and the Executive Committee of the Popular Council of Bucharest, at the high schools of general culture, and at the specialized high schools and school facilities in the professional education and from the technical education, the central or local bodies that organize these units, in all cases with the consent of the Ministry of Education. + Article 207 For meritorious activity on the teaching, educational and cultural realm, educators, teachers, institutes, teachers and maistrii-instructors can receive titles and other distinctions, according to the Statute of the teaching staff. + Article 208 For the conduct of educational-educational activity, school facilities can be classified, according to the legal norms, with necessary helpful teaching staff-pedagogues, librarians, laboratories and other technicians. + Chapter II Teaching staff and scientific research staff from higher education + Article 209 The teaching staff of the higher education consists of teachers, lecturers, heads of works (lecturers), assistants and trainee assistants. + Article 210 For each department the Ministry of Education approves, on the proposal of higher education institutions, the number of teaching positions, registered in the state of functions, necessary to fulfill the obligations provided in the education plan and in the scientific research plan. + Article 211 The teaching positions in the higher education are filled with full staff or with substitutes, according to the provisions of the Staff Regulations. + Article 212 The work obligations of the teaching staff consist in the performance of the teaching activity, the methodico-educational activity and the scientific research activity. The didactic and methodical-educational activity is carried out according to the tasks of the posts registered in the states of functions, as well as with the tasks assigned by the work plan of the department. The scientific activity consists in carrying out the research, annual and prospective tasks, provided in the scientific research plan of the department. Teachers, lecturers and heads of works (lecturers) also have the obligation to participate in educational actions aimed at students, to direct a group of students from an educational point of view, supporting them both in their preparation. professional, as well as in their entire activity. With the approval of the Ministry of Education, some members of the teaching staff can only be assigned scientific research activities. In this case, the work obligations of the teaching staff consist in fulfilling the themes provided for in the scientific research plan of the department. + Article 213 The councils and the procedure for appointment, transfer, posting and dismissal of the teaching staff, their rights and duties are regulated by the Statute of the teaching staff. + Article 214 For meritorious activity on the teaching, educational and scientific fields, assistants, heads of works (lecturers), lecturers and teachers can receive titles and other distinctions, according to the Statute of the teaching staff. + Article 215 Within the research units established according to the provisions of art. 180 will be able to operate, besides the teaching staff, and scientific research staff. The number of posts for scientific research staff is approved by the Ministry of Education, with the agreement of the National Council of Scientific Research, applying accordingly the provisions of art. 210. Scientific research staff will be framed, with the approval of the Ministry of Education, according to the nomenclature and norms established for scientific staff in scientific research institutes. For the conduct of their activity, the research units will also be able to be classified with specialist technical staff, according to the legal norms. + Title VIII Material basis of education + Article 216 The expenses for the organization and functioning of the units of the preschool education, compulsory education of general culture, high school education, professional education and technical education shall be borne by the state budget and shall be carried out by the central bodies of the state administration or the executive committees of the popular councils that organize these units. The school units organized by the central bodies of the cooperative organizations shall be financed by them, from their own funds. The expenses for the organization and functioning of higher education institutions shall be borne by the state budget and shall be carried out by the expenditure plan of the Ministry of Education. + Article 217 The financing of dormitories and canteens operating in addition to schools and higher education institutions shall be carried out by the bodies referred to in art. 216. The financing of hostels operating under kindergartens is done, if the law does not provide otherwise, only from the contribution of parents. + Article 218 The endowment of school units in the compulsory education of general culture, high school education, professional education and technical education with didactic-material means is based on the endowment scales established by the Ministry of Education. Funds for the endowment of higher education institutions with the necessary means of teaching and scientific activity are foreseen in the investment plans of the Ministry of Education. In the investment plan of the Ministry of Education are also provided the funds for equipping with some didactic-material means necessary for the school units from the compulsory education of general culture and the high school of culture general. The funds for the same purpose necessary for the school units in the specialized secondary education, from the professional education and technical education, financed from the state budget, are provided in the investment plans of the ministries, the other central bodies of the state administration or executive committees of the popular councils that organize these school facilities. + Article 219 In application of the provisions of this Title, the ministries and other central bodies of the state administration, the central bodies of the cooperative organizations and the executive committees of the popular councils that organize institutions of Education is responsible for ensuring the entire material base necessary for the functioning of these institutions in good condition. To this end, the bodies shown in the previous paragraph will be able to establish subordinated enterprises or annexes for the manufacture of appliances, machinery and other teaching materials necessary for the instructive-educational activity in all educational institutions. + Title IX Guidance and control of education + Article 220 Guidance and control of preschool education, compulsory education of general culture, high school education, vocational education and technical education are carried out, in application of art. 12 12 para. 2 2, by: -school inspection bodies in the Ministry of Education; -the specialized bodies in ministries and other bodies or central organizations that subordinate schools; -the county school inspectorates and the School Inspectorate of Bucharest. The rules regarding the activity of guidance and control shall be established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 221 School inspectorates perform, in the administrative-territorial units in which they operate, the guidance and control of all schools. + Article 222 The appointment and dismissal of the management staff and the guidance and control staff at the school inspectorates shall be made by the Ministry of Education. The appointment and dismissal of senior staff and guidance and control staff from the specialist bodies of ministries and other central bodies or organisations that have in their subordinate schools shall be made by these bodies or organizations, with the consent of the Ministry of Education + Article 223 The guidance and control of the activity of higher education institutions shall be done by the Ministry of Education. + Title X Final and transitional provisions + Article 224 For the review of the achievements obtained in the training and education of students and students and to stimulate the teaching staff in its activity, it is celebrated every year, on June 34, "Teacher's Day". + Article 225 The admission contests provided for in this law are declared successful, in the order of classification and within the limits of places, candidates who obtain, as the case may be, at least average 5 or 6, according to the norms established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 226 The provisions of this law apply, accordingly, according to the norms that will be established for this purpose, to the Academy of Social-Political Sciences "Stefan Gheorghiu" from the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, as well as to the education organized by the Ministry of Armed Forces, Ministry of Internal Affairs and State Security Council. + Article 227 People without citizenship residing in the Socialist Republic of Romania and foreign citizens enjoy the right to teaching, according to international conventions. Foreign citizens can be admitted to educational institutions in the Socialist Republic of Romania, based on the approval of the Ministry of Education, without admission competition and outside the tuition plan. + Article 228 Diplomas and certificates of study obtained abroad are valid only after their equivalence with the studies issued by educational institutions in the country. The equivalence is made by the Ministry of Education. + Article 229 For the growth and education of children left without parents or deprived of the possibility of being raised in the family, preschool and school children who perform the role of parental home are organized. Reception conditions in children's homes such as their functioning shall be determined by the decision of the Council of Ministers. + Article 230 Art. 26 26 para. 1 is applied gradually, so that until 1973 the compulsory education of general culture lasting 10 years would be generalized, and by the year 1971 the school coverage of children aged 6 years should also be generalized. The rules for bringing to fruition the provisions of the preceding paragraphs will be determined by the Ministry of Education. + Article 231 During the transition period from the entry into force of this law until 1973, they will be admitted to vocational schools and to apprenticeship training at work and graduates of 8 classes of the 10-year general school. + Article 232 For graduates provided for in the previous article, as well as for graduates of the 8-year general school, admitted to vocational schools and apprenticeship training at work, after the entry into force of this law, the duration of the studies will be for 2-3 years, depending on the complexity of the trades in which they qualify. Those who qualify for the trades for which the duration of their studies is 2 years performs, after graduation, the internship as practicing workers, in accordance with art. 91 91 para. 4. + Article 233 Students in the course of schooling from technical schools of foremen, technical schools of 4 years and technical schools for technical staff continue their studies until the termination, as the schooling began. + Article 234 Graduates of technical schools of 4 years and of technical schools of foremen can present themselves at the baccalaureate exam, after the equivalence of their studies with the specialized high school, under the conditions established by the Ministry of Education. + Article 235 The scientific councils of the higher education institutions and the scientific commissions of the faculties, established according to the previous legal provisions, will continue their activity until the new teaching councils are established, not later days after the entry into force of this Law. The scientific councils shall be authorized to proceed to the elections or appointments of members and to the teaching councils provided by the provisions of art. 129 129 and art. 131. + Article 236 This Law shall enter into force on 1 September 1968. On the same date, all the legal provisions to the contrary to the provisions of this law This law was voted on by the Grand National Assembly on May 13, 1968, meeting of the 430 votes cast, 428 votes in favour and 2 votes against. President of the Great National Assembly, STEFAN VOITEC According to the provisions of art. 57 of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic Romania, we sign this law. President of the State Council, NICOLAE CEAUSESCU Bucharest, May 13, 1968. No. 11. ----------------