MOTION FOR RESOLUTION No. 10 /X

Recognizing the importance of clarifying and standardizing the scope of the implants of

jurisdiction of States in foreign courts;

Considering that an international convention on the jurisdictional immunities of the

States and their assets reinforces the principle of the rule of law and promotes certainty and

legal certainty, especially in the relations of states with private individuals, be

them natural or legal persons, and contributes to coding and development

of international law and harmonisation of international and national practice in this area;

Thus:

Under the terms of the paragraph d) of Article 197 (1) of the Constitution, the Government presents to the

Assembly of the Republic the following Proposal for a Resolution:

Approves the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of the

States and their Bens, open for signature in New York, on January 17, 2005,

as well as the respective Annex that it is an integral part of, whose texts, in the versions

authenticated in the English and French languages, and their translation in Portuguese language,

are published in attachment.

Seen and approved in Council of Ministers of July 22, 2005

The Prime Minister

The Minister of the Presidency

The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON IMMUNITIES

JURISDICTIONAL OF STATES AND THEIR ASSETS

The States Parties to this Convention,

Considering that the jurisdictional immunities of states and their assets are

generally accepted as a consuetudinary international law principle,

Taking into account the principles of international law enshrined in the Charter of Nations

United,

Convicts that an international convention on the jurisdictional immunities of the

States and their assets will strengthen the principle of the rule of law and security

legal, especially in the relations of States with natural persons or

collective, and will contribute to the codification and development of international law and

for the harmonisation of practice in this area,

Taking into consideration the developments in the practice of states regarding the

jurisdictional immunities of states and their assets,

Asserting that the principles of customary international law continue to be reger

matters not governed by the provisions of this Convention,

Agree on the following :

PART I

Introduction

Article 1.

Scope of this Convention

This Convention shall apply to the jurisdictional immunities of a State and its

goods in the face of the courts of another state.

Article 2.

Definitions

1. For the purposes of this Convention:

a) "Court" designates any organ of a State, whicheit is its

denomination, authorised to exercise jurisdictional functions;

b) "state" means:

(i) The State and its various government bodies;

(ii) The constitutive units of a federal state or political subdivisions

of the State authorized to practise acts in the exercise of its authority

sovereign and who exercise those functions;

(iii) Services, public bodies or other entities, to the extent that

have competence for and practise effectively acts in the financial year

of the sovereign authority of the State;

(iv) Representatives of the State in the performance of such duties;

c) "Commercial transaction" means:

(i) Any contract or commercial transaction for the sale of goods or

provision of services;

(ii) Any loan agreement or other transaction of a nature

financial, including any obligational guarantee and obligation to

compensation in respect of the same;

(iii) Any other contract or transaction of a commercial, industrial or

professional, excluding work contracts.

2. To determine whether a contract or transaction constitutes a " transaction

commercial " under paragraph 1 (c) must be taken into account in the first place, the

nature of the contract or transaction, and its purpose shall also be had to

account if the parties so convene in the contract or transaction, or if, in the

practice of the State of the venue, that objective is pertinent to determine the nature

non-commercial of the contract or transaction.

3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 with respect to the definitions for the effects of the present

Convention shall not affect the employment of such terms, nor the meaning that may be

be assigned, in other international instruments or in the domestic law of any

State.

Article 3.

Privileges and immunities not affected by this Convention

1. This Convention shall not affect the privileges and immunities of which it enjoys a

State, under international law, in respect of the exercise of the functions:

a) Of its diplomatic missions, consular posts, special missions, missions

together with international organizations or delegations to bodies of

international organizations or international conferences; and

b) of the persons related to them.

2. This Convention shall not affect the privileges and immunities granted ratione

personae , under international law, to the heads of state.

3. This Convention shall not affect the immunities of which it enjoys a State, under the

of international law, in respect of aircraft or space objects of which it is

owner or who explores.

Article 4.

Non-retroactivity of this Convention

Without prejudice to the application of any standards provided for in this Convention to

which jurisdictional immunities of states and their assets are subject to the shelter

of international law, regardless of the one provided for in this Convention, its

provisions will not apply to any matter of jurisdictional immunities of the

States or of their goods raised in a court case brought against a State

together with a court of another State, before the entry into force of this Convention

among the states in question.

PART II

General principles

Article 5.

Immunity of States

Subject to the provisions of this Convention, a State shall enjoy, in relation to itself

own and to their assets, immunity from jurisdiction to the courts of one another

State.

Article 6.

Modalities to ensure the immunity of states

1. A state guarantees the immunity of the states provided for in Article 5 by abstaining from

exercise your jurisdiction in a court case instituted in its courts against

another state and, to that end, will ensure that its courts determine

officiously that the immunity of that other state provided for in Article 5 is

respected.

2. A court case instituted in a court of a state shall be considered as

having been instituted against another state if that other state:

a) It is cited as a party to that judicial process; or

b) It is not cited as a party to the judicial process but the process aims to, in effect,

affect the goods, rights, interests or activities of that other State.

Article 7.

Express consent for the exercise of jurisdiction

1. A State shall not invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a court case in a

court of another state, in respect of an issue or lide, if it has consented

expressly in the exercise of the jurisdiction by that court in relation to that same

question or lid:

a) By international agreement;

b) By written contract; or

c) By statement before the court or communication written in a particular

judicial process.

2. Acceptance by a State with regard to the application of the law of a

another state will not be interpreted as consent to the exercise of the

jurisdiction by the courts of that other state.

Article 8.

Effect of participation in a court case

1. A State shall not invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a proceeding in a court of law

of another State if:

a) It was the State itself to institute the said process; or

b) Intercame in the process or did some due diligence in relation to the merit of the cause.

However, if the State demonstrates to the court that it could not have taken

knowledge of the facts about which an application for immunity could be

substantiate, else after having done such due diligence, may invoke immunity with

basis on these facts, as long as it does so as soon as possible.

2. It does not consider that a State has consented to the exercise of the jurisdiction of a

court of another state if it intervened in a court case or take any

other measures for the sole purpose of:

(a) invoking immunity; or

b) To assert a right relative to a good at cause in the process.

3. The comparency of a representative of a State in a court of another State

as a witness will not be interpreted as consent to the exercise of the

jurisdiction by the court.

4. The non-comparency of a State in a proceeding in a court of another State shall not

will be interpreted as consent to the exercise of the jurisdiction by the court.

Article 9.

Reconventional requests

1. A State which instats a proceeding in a court of another State shall not invoke

the immunity of jurisdiction before the same court in respect of any application

reconventional resulting from the same legal relationship or the same facts of the

main request.

2. A State which intercomes to submit an application in a case in a court of

another state cannot invoke the immunity of jurisdiction before the same court

relatively to any reconventional request resulting from the same relation

legal or of the same facts of the application submitted by the State.

3. A State that submits a reconventional application in an intentional proceeding against

si in a court of another state cannot invoke the immunity of jurisdiction in the said

court with respect to the main application.

PART III

Lawsuits in which states cannot invoke immunity

Article 10.

Commercial transactions

1. If a State holds a commercial transaction with a natural person or

foreign collective and, as a result of the applicable rules of international law

private, disagreements concerning such commercial transaction are submitted to the

jurisdiction of a court of another state, the State shall not invoke immunity from

jurisdiction in a court case relating to the same commercial transaction.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply:

a) in the case of a commercial transaction between states; or

b) If the parties to the commercial transaction have expressly agreed to

diverse sense.

3. When a public company or other entity created by a State with

autonomous legal personality and has the ability to:

a) Demandar or be demanded in judgment; and

(b) acquire, be the owner, own or dispose of goods, including the goods that such

State has authorised it to explore or manage it;

is party to a court case related to a commercial transaction in which

that company or entity has participated, the immunity of jurisdiction from which it enjoys the

State in question will not be affected.

Article 11.

Contracts of work

1. Unless otherwise agreed between the states in question, a State cannot

invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a court of another State that is competent

to judge the case, in a court case that relates to a contract of employment

between the State and a natural person for a work carried out or that should be

carry out, in whole or in part, in the territory of that other State.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if:

a) The worker has been hired to perform specific duties that

arise from the exercise of public powers;

b) The worker is:

(i) A diplomatic agent, as defined in the Vienna Convention on

the Diplomatic Relations of 1961;

(ii) A consular official, as defined in the Vienna Convention

on the Consular Relations of 1963;

(iii) A member of the diplomatic staff of the permanent missions to

international organizations, of special missions, or if it is contracted

to represent a State in an international conference; or

(iv) An any other person who enjoys diplomatic immunity;

c) The judicial process refers to the hiring, renewal of the contract or

reintegration of the worker;

d) The judicial process shall refer to the unilateral termination of the contract or the

dismissal of the employee and, if so determined by the head of state,

head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs of the State

employer, this process puser into question the security interests of that

State;

e) The worker is a national of the State employer at the time of the introduction

of the judicial process, unless the person concerned has permanent residence in the

State of the venue; or

f) The employer state and the employee have agreed amusingly in writing, under

reservation of public order considerations conferring with the State courts

of the exclusive jurisdiction in function of the object of the proceedings.

Article 12.

Damage caused to persons and property

Unless otherwise agreed between the States in question, a State shall not be able to invoke the

immunity from jurisdiction in a court of another state that is competent to judge the

case, in a case relating to a pecuniary indemnity, in the event of death

or of an offence to the physical integrity of a person, or in the event of damage or loss of goods

materials caused by an act or omission allegedly assigned to the State, if that

act or omission occurred, in whole or in part, in the territory of that other State and if the

author of the act or omission found itself in that territory at the time of the practice of the act

or Omission.

Article 13.

Ownership, possession and use of goods

Unless otherwise agreed between the States in question, a State shall not be able to invoke the

immunity from jurisdiction in a court of another state that is competent to judge the

case in a court case for the determination of:

a) Any rights of the State over an immovable property , their possession or use, or

any obligation of the State resulting from its rights, possession or use of that

well immovable situated in the State of the venue;

b) Any rights of the State on movable or immovable property by virtue of a

inheritance, donation or bona vacantia ; or

c) Any rights of the State in the administration of goods, such as a property

fideicomissaria, the patrimony resulting from a bankruptcy or the assets of a

society in the event of dissolution.

Article 14.

Intellectual and industrial property

Unless otherwise agreed between the States in question, a State shall not be able to invoke the

immunity from jurisdiction in a court of another state that is competent to judge the

case, in a court case related to:

a) the determination of any right of the State in a patent, model or design

industrial, trade name or firm, registered trade mark, copyrights or any

another form of intellectual or industrial property that benefits from some

legal protection, even if provisional, in the State of the foro; or

b) an alleged violation by the State, in the territory of the State of the hore, of a right of the

type of that provided for in point (a) belonging to a third party and which is protected

in the State of the foro.

Article 15.

Participation in societies or other legal persons

1. A State shall not invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a court of another

State that is competent to judge the case, in a related court case

with their participation in a society or other legal person, gifted or not of

legal personality, when the case relates to the relations between the State and

the society or other legal person, when these:

a) Include other participants other than States or international organizations; and

(b) they are registered or have been constituted under the law of the State of the

venue or have their head office or principal activity in that state.

2. A State may, however, invoke the immunity of jurisdiction in a process of this

type if the States concerned so have agreed to or if the parties to the

unlike so the concame in writing or, still, if the instrument it created or

rege the society or other legal person in question contains provisions for

this effect.

Article 16.

Ships that a state is a proprietor or explainer

1. Unless otherwise agreed between the States in question, a State which is

owner or explores a ship may not invoke the immunity of jurisdiction in a

court of another State which is competent to judge the case, in a case

judicial related to the exploitation of that vessel if, at the time of the fact that it gave

place to the action, the ship was being used for another purpose other than that of

public service without commercial purposes.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to warships nor to auxiliary units of the navy of

war, nor to other vases of which a State is an owner or explainer and that are,

at a given time, used exclusively for non-purpose public services

commercials.

3. Unless otherwise agreed between the states in question, a State cannot

invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a court of another state that is

competent to judge the case, in a court case related to the transport

of cargo on board a ship of which such a State is owner or explores if, in the

moment of the fact that gave way to the action, the ship was being used for another

purpose other than that of public service without commercial purposes.

4. Paragraph 3 shall not apply to any cargo carried on board the vessels to which if

refers to paragraph 2, nor to any load that a State is the owner of and that is

used or intended to be used solely for the purpose of service

public without commercial purposes.

5. States may invoke all means of defence, prescription and limitation of

liability available to private vessels and their loads and their respective

owners.

6. If, in a judicial process, an issue related to the public nature and

non-commercial of a ship of which a State is an owner or explainer or of the cargo

of which a State is an owner, a certificate signed by a representative

diplomatic or by another competent authority of that State, notifying the

court, it will make proof of the nature of the ship or the cargo.

Article 17.

Effect of an arbitration agreement

If a State concludes in writing an agreement with a natural or legal person

foreign to submit to arbitration the divergences concerning a transaction

commercial, that State may not invoke, unless otherwise forecast in the agreement of

arbitration, the immunity of jurisdiction in a court of another State that is competent

to judge the case, in a relative judicial process:

a) To the validity, interpretation or application of the arbitration agreement;

b) to the arbitration procedure; or

c) To the confirmation or rejection of the arbitral decision.

PART IV

Immunity of States in respect of precautionary and enforcement measures

related to legal proceedings

Article 18.

Immunity of states in respect of precautionary measures prior to the

trial

They will not be able to be taken, in connection with a court case in a court of another

State, any precautionary measures prior to the trial against the goods of a

State, such as the burp or otherwise, unless and to the extent that:

a) The State has expressly consented to the application of such measures:

(i) By international agreement;

(ii) By agreement of arbitration or by written contract; or

(iii) By statement in a court or by written notice after the dispute between

the parties have arisen; or

b) The State has reserved or allocated goods for the satisfaction of the application constituting the object

of that process.

Article 19.

Immunity of States in respect of subsequent enforcement measures to

trial

They will not be able to be taken, in connection with a court case in a court of another

State, any subsequent enforcement measures to the judgment against the assets of a

State, such as the burp, harrest or hanging, save if and to the extent that:

a) The State has expressly consented to the application of such measures:

(i) By international agreement;

(ii) By agreement of arbitration or by written contract; or

(iii) By statement in a court or by written notice after the dispute between

the parties have arisen; or

b) The State has reserved or allocated goods for the satisfaction of the application constituting the object

of that process; or

c) For demonstrated that the goods are specifically used or intended to be

used by the State with a purpose other than that of the non-purpose public service

commercial and are situated in the territory of the State of the venue, with the condition that

the subsequent enforcement measures to the trial are taken only against the

goods related to the entity against which the judicial process was instituted.

Article 20.

Effect of consent for the exercise of jurisdiction over the adoption of measures

cautionary and execution

In cases where consent to the adoption of precautionary and enforcement measures

is necessary by virtue of Articles 18 and 19, the consent to the exercise of the

jurisdiction under Article 7 does not imply that there is consent to the adoption of

cautionary and enforcement measures.

Article 21.

Specific categories of goods

1. The following categories of goods of the State, namely, are not considered

as goods specifically used or intended to be used by the State

with another purpose other than that of public service without commercial purposes under the shelter

from point (c) of Article 19:

a) The goods, including any bank account, used or intended to be

used in the exercise of the functions of the diplomatic mission of the State or of the

your consular posts, special missions, missions to organizations

international, or delegations to bodies of international organizations

or international conferences;

b) the goods of a military nature or used or intended to be used in the

exercise of military functions;

c) the assets of the central bank or other monetary authority of the State;

d) The goods that are part of the cultural heritage of the State or its

files and which are not for sale or that are not intended to be sold;

e) the goods that are part of an exhibition of objects of scientific interest,

cultural or historical and which are not for sale or which are not intended for

be sold.

2. Paragraph 1 applies without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 18 and (a) and (b) thereof.

article 19.

PART V

Various provisions

Article 22.

Citation or notification of the introductory acts of the instance

1. The citation or notification of the initiation of proceedings against a State shall be

carried out:

a) In accordance with any applicable international convention that is

binding on the State of the venue and the State in question; or

b) In accordance with any special agreement in relation to citation or

notification between the author of the action and the State in question, if the right of the State

of the venue does not prevent it; or

c) In the absence of convention or special agreement:

(i) By communication by diplomatic track to the Ministry of Business

Foreigners from the State in question; or

(ii) By any other means accepted by the State in question, if the law of the

State of the venue does not prevent it.

2. In the case of subparagraph (i) of paragraph 1 (c), the citation shall be deemed to be

notification was made at the time of receipt of the documents by the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs.

3. These documents will be accompanied, if necessary, of a translation into the

official language, or for one of the official languages, of the State in question.

4. Any State that is to appear before a court in a matter of merit in a

judicial process instituted against you, will not be able to henceforth claim that the citation or

notification did not comply with the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3.

Article 23.

Trial in absentia

1. A trial in absentia could not be held against a state, unless the

court if it has ensured that:

a) The requirements set out in Article 22 (1) and (3) have been observed;

b) Decorates a period of at least four months from the date on which the

citation or notification that gave start to the process have been delivered or

considered to have been delivered in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of the

article 22; and

c) This Convention does not prevent it from exercising its jurisdiction.

2. A copy of the sentence relating to any trial in absentia against a State,

accompanied by the necessary case of a translation in the official language or in one of the

official languages of the State in question, should be communicated to the same through

one of the means provided for in Article 22 (1), and in accordance with the

provisions of the same number.

3. The deadline to appeal a trial in absentia will not be less than four months and

shall begin from the date on which the copy of the sentence is received, or considered

as having been received, by the state in question.

Article 24.

Privileges and immunities during a court proceeding

1. Any failure to comply with or refusal of compliance by a State of

a decision by a court of another state, intimating it to practise or to abstain from

practice a particular act, produce any document or provide any

other information for the effects of a process, will have no consequences for

in addition to those that may result from that same conduct in relation to the merit of the cause. In

particular, no fine or sanction will be applied to that State as a result of

default or refusal to comply.

2. A State shall not be obliged to provide any collateral or deposit, whicheend is the

your denomination, to guarantee the payment of court costs or other expenses

in any proceeding in which it is a defendant before a court of another State.

PART VI

Final provisions

Article 25.

Attachment

The Annex to this Convention is an integral part of it.

Article 26.

Other international agreements

Nothing in this Convention shall affect the rights and obligations of States Parties which

are due to international agreements dealing with materials listed in the present

Convention and to apply in the relations between the parties.

Article 27.

Settlement of disputes

1. States Parties shall try to remedy disputes concerning the interpretation

or application of this Convention through negotiation.

2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or

application of this Convention which is not resolved by negotiation in a

period of six months shall, at the request of any of those States Parties, be

submitted to arbitration. In the case of, six months after the date of the application for

arbitration, the same States Parties have not reached an agreement on the

organization of the arbitration, any of these States Parties will be able to take the

deferring to the International Court of Justice through a request made in

compliance with the Statute of the Court.

3. Each State Party may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or

approval, or accession to this Convention declare that it does not consider itself

bound by paragraph 2 of this article. The other States Parties shall not stay

bound by paragraph 2 of this article in respect of any State Party which

has made such a statement.

4. Any State Party that has made a declaration in accordance with the n.

3 of this Article may at any time remove such a statement by

notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 28.

Signature

This Convention is open for signature by all States until January 17 of

2007, at the United Nations Seat, in New York.

Article 29.

Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession

1. This Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval.

2. This Convention is open to the accession of any State.

3. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited

together with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 30.

Entry into force

1. This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of the deposit

of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the

Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. For each State which ratifies, accepts, approves or acceates to this Convention, after the

deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the

Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the deposit by that State

of your instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article 31.

Denunciation

1. Any State Party may denounce this Convention by means of a State

notification written to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. The complaint shall produce its effects one year after the date of receipt of the notification

by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. This Convention shall continue,

however, to be applied to any matter of jurisdictional immunities of States or

of his assets, raised in a case brought against a state in a court of

another State before the date on which the complaint produces its effects for any

of the states in question.

3. The complaint shall be without prejudice to the duty of any State Party to comply with any

obligation laid down in this Convention to which it would be subject under the law

international independently of this Convention.

Article 32.

Depository and notifications

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be designated as a depositary of the present

Convention.

2. As the depositary of this Convention, the Secretary-General of the Nations

United States shall notify all States:

a) The signatures of this Convention and the deposit of instruments of

ratification, acceptance, approval or accession or notifications of denunciation, to

shelter of Articles 29 and 31;

(b) the date of entry into force of this Convention, under Article 30;

c) Other acts, notifications or communications related to the present

Convention.

Article 33.

Authentic texts

The texts of this Convention in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are

equally authentic.

IN FÉ FROM WHAT, THE UNDERSIGNED, BEING DULY AUTHORIZED BY THE

the respective Governments, have signed this Convention, open to signature in the Sede of the

United Nations in New York on January 17, 2005.

Annex to the Convention

An agreed interpretation in relation to certain provisions of the Convention

The present Annex has the objective of establishing the understanding assigned to the

provisions to which it relates.

Article 10.

The term "immunity" in Article 10 shall be understood in the context of the

this Convention as a whole.

Article 10 (3) is without prejudice to the issue of "lifting the veil of the society", nor the

issues related to a situation in which an entity of the state

has deliberately distorted its financial situation or subsequently reduced its

heritage to avoid satisfying an application, or other related issues.

Article 11.

In paragraph 2 (d) of Article 11, the reference to "security interests" of the State

employer, essentially targets national security and safety issues of the

diplomatic missions and consular posts.

In the terms of Article 41 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of

1961 and of Article 55 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963,

all persons referred to in these articles have a duty to respect the laws and the

regulations of the acridictator state, including its labour legislation. At the same

time, pursuant to Article 38 of the Vienna Convention on Relations

Diplomatic of 1961 and Article 71 of the Vienna Convention on Relations

Consulars of 1963, the receiving State has a duty to exercise its jurisdiction in a manner

not to interfere unduly with the performance of the duties of the mission or post

consular.

Articles 13 and 14.

The term "determination" designates not only the fact-finding or verification of the existence of the

protected rights, but also the assessment as to its substance, including the

content, scope or extent of these rights.

Article 17.

The expression "commercial transaction" covers investment issues.

Article 19.

The term "entity" used in point (c) means the State as a legal person

autonomous, as well as a constitutive unit of a federal state, a subdivision

of a State, a service or public body or other entity that enjoys

legal personality of its own.

The expression "entity-related goods" used in (c) shall be

understood in a broader sense of what ownership or possession.

Article 19 is without prejudice to the issue of "lifting the veil of society", nor the issues

related to a situation in which a state entity deliberately

has distorted its financial situation or, subsequently, reduced its heritage to

avoid satisfying an application, or other related matters.

United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their

Property

The States Parties to the present Convention ,

Considering that the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are generally

accepted the principle of customary international law,

Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United

Nations,

Believing that an international convention on the jurisdictional immunities of States and

their property would enhance the rule of law and legal certainty, in dealings

of States with natural or juridical persons, and would contribute to the codification and

development of international law and the harmonization of practice in this area,

Taking into account developments in State practice with regard to the jurisdictional

immunities of States and their property,

Affirming that the rules of customary international law continue to govern matters not

regulated by the provisions of the present Convention,

Have agreed as follows :

Part I

Introduction

Article 1

Scope of the present Convention

The present Convention applies to the continuation of a State and its property from the

jurisdiction of the courts of another State.

Article 2

Use of terms

1. For the purposes of the present Convention:

( a ) 'court' means any organ of a State, however named, lawsuit to exercise judicial

functions;

( b ) "State" means:

(i) the State and its various organs of government;

(ii) constituent units of a federal State or political subdivision of the State, which are

tos to perform acts in the exercise of sovereign authority, and are acting in that

capacity;

(iii) agencies or instrumentalities of the State or other entities, to the extent that they are

exercise to perform and are actually performing acts in the exercise of sovereign

authority of the State;

(iv) representatives of the State acting in that capacity;

( c ) "commercial transaction" means:

(i) any commercial contract or transaction for the sale of goods or supply of services;

(ii) any contract for a loan or other transaction of a financial nature, including any

obligation of guarantee or of indemnity in respect of any such loan or transaction;

(iii) any other contract or transaction of a commercial, industrial, trading or professional

nature, but not including a contract of employment of persons.

2. In awarded whether or not contract or transaction is a "commercial transaction" under

paragraph 1 ( c ), reference should be made primarily to the nature of the contract or

transaction, but its purpose should also be taken into account if the parties to the

contract or transaction have so agreed, or if, in the practice of the State of the forum,

that purpose is relevant to enhancing the non-commercial character of the contract or

transaction.

3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 regarding the use of terms in the present

Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms or to the meanings which

may be given to them in other international instruments or in the internal law of any

State.

Article 3

Privileges and immunities not affected by the present Convention

1. The present Convention is without prejudice to the privileges and immunities enjoyed

by a State under international law in relation to the exercise of the functions of:

( a ) its diplomatic missions, consular posts, special missions, missions to

international organizations or the organizations of international organizations or

to international conferences; and

( b ) persons connected with them.

2. The present Convention is without prejudice to privileges and immunities

under international law to heads of State ratione personae .

3. The present Convention is without prejudice to the immunities enjoyed by a State

under international law with respect to aircraft or space objects owned or operated by a

State.

Article 4

Non-retroactivity of the present Convention

Without prejudice to the application of any rules set forth in the present Convention to

which jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are subject under

international law enforcement of the present Convention, the present Convention shall

not to apply to any question of jurisdictional immunities of States or their property arising

in a lawsuit instituted against a State before a court of another State prior to the

entry into force of the present Convention for the States concerned.

Part II

General principles

Article 5

State of the

The State enjoys inherent, in respect of itself and its property, from the jurisdiction of

the courts of another State subject to the provisions of the present Convention.

Article 6

Modalities for giving effect to State circumstances

1. A State shall give effect to State shall be given under article 5 by refraining from

protects jurisdiction in a lawsuit before its courts against another State and to that

end shall ensure that its courts determine on their own initiative that the austerity of

that other State under article 5 is estimated.

2. A hold before a court of a State shall be considered to have been instituted

against another State if that other State:

( a ) is named as a party to that thereof; or

( b ) is not named as a party to the opposition but the opposition in effect to affect

the property, rights, interests or activities of that other State.

Article 7

Express consent to exercise of jurisdiction

1. A State shall not invoke any jurisdiction in a ruling before a court of

another State with regard to a matter or case if it has been expressly consented to the exercise

of jurisdiction by the court with regard to the matter or case:

( a ) by international agreement;

( b ) in a written contract; or

( c ) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication in a specific

.

2. Agreement by a State for the application of the law of another State shall not be

Does consent to the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts of that other State.

Article 8

Effect of participation in a case before a court

1. A State shall not invoke any jurisdiction in a ruling before a court of

another State if it has:

( a ) itself instituted the thereof; or

( b ) intervened in the lawsuit or taken any other step relating to the merits. However,

if the State has been told the court that it could not have acquired knowledge of facts on

which claim to be a claim to be based until after it took such a step, it can claim

approach based on those facts, provided it does so at the earliest possible moment.

2. A State shall not be considered to have consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by a

court of another State if it intervenes in a convicted or takes any other step for the sole

purpose of:

( a ) invoking thereof; or

( b ) asserting a right or interest in property at issue in the protests.

3. The appearance of a representative of a State before a court of another State as a

witness shall not be deemed as consent by the former State to the exercise of

jurisdiction by the court.

4. Failure on the part of a State to enter an appearance in a ruling before a court of

another State shall not be deemed a consent by the former State to the exercise of

jurisdiction by the court.

Article 9

Counterclaims

1. The State instituting a ruling before a court of another State cannot invoke

removed from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of any counterclaim arising out of

the same legal relationship or facts as the main claim.

2. The State intervening to present a claim in a ruling before a court of another State

cannot invoke it from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of any

counterclaim arising out of the same legal relationship or facts as a claim to the claim

the State.

3. The State making a counterclaim in a lawsuit instituted against it before a court of

another State cannot invoke it from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of the

main claim.

Part III

Proceedings in which State has cannot be wed

Article 10

Commercial transactions

1. If a State engages in a commercial transaction with a foreign natural or juridical

person and, by virtue of virtue of the applicable rules of private international law, differences

relating to the commercial transaction fall within the jurisdiction of a court of another

State, the State cannot invoke it from that jurisdiction in a dispute arising

out of that commercial transaction.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply:

( a ) in the case of a commercial transaction between States; or

( b ) if the parties to the commercial transaction have expressly agreed otherwise.

3. Where a State enterprise or other entity established by a State which has an

independent legal personality and is capable of:

( a ) suing or being sued; and

( b ) acquiring, owning or possessing and disposing of property, including property which

that State has authorized it to operate or manage, is involved in a painful which

banned to a commercial transaction in which that entity is engaged, the banned from

jurisdiction enjoyed by that State shall not be affected.

Article 11

Contracts of employment

1. Otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke

banned from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent

in a Contract which is awarded to a contract of employment between the State and an

individual for work performed or to be performed, in whole or in part, in the territory of

that other State.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if:

( a ) the employee has been vulnerable to perform particular functions in the exercise of

the concerned authority;

( b ) the employee is:

(i) a diplomatic agent, as defined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of

1961;

(ii) a consular officer, as defined in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of

1963;

(iii) a member of the diplomatic staff of a permanent mission to an international

organization or of a special mission, or is being told to be a State at an

international conference; or

(iv) any other person enjoying diplomatic compounds;

( c ) The Subject-matter of the activist is the recruitment, renewal of employment or

reinstatement of an individual;

( d ) the subject-matter of the activist is the dismissal or termination of employment

of an individual and, as determined by the head of State, the head of Government or the

Minister for Foreign Affairs of the employer State, such a violation would interfere

with the security interests of that State;

( and ) the employee is a national of the employer State at the time when the journalist is

instituted, unless this person has the permanent residence in the State of the forum; or

( f ) the employer State and the employee have otherwise agreed in writing, subject to any

considerations of public policy conferring on the courts of the State of the forum

exclusive jurisdiction by reason of the subject-matter of the activist.

Article 12

Personal injuries and damage to property

Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke opposition

from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a

demanding that liable to pecuniary compensation for death or injury to the person, or

damage to or loss of tangible property, caused by an act or omission which is lacking to

be attributable to the State, if the act or omission occurred in whole or in part in the

territory of that other State and if the author of the act or omission was present in that

territory at the time of the act or omission.

Article 13

Ownership, ownership and use of property

Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke opposition

from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a

Which compounds to the determination of:

( a ) any right or interest of the State in, or its, or its use of, or any obligation of,

the State arising out of its interest in, or its, or its use of, immovable property

situated in the State of the forum;

( b ) any right or interest of the State in movable or immovable property arising by way

of succession, gift or bona vacantia ; or

( c ) any right or interest of the State in the administration of property, such as trust

property, the estate of a liability t or the property of a company in the event of its

winding up.

Article 14

Intellectual and industrial property

Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke opposition

from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a

means which are to be:

( a ) the determination of any right of the State in a patent, industrial design, trade name

or business name, trademark, copyright or any other form of intellectual or industrial

property which enjoys a measure of legal protection, even if provisional, in the State of

the forum; or

( b ) an an inherent being by the State, in the territory of the forum, of a

right of the nature mentioned in proceedings ( a ) which belongs to a third person and is

protected in the State of the forum.

Article 15

Participation in companies or other collective bodies

1. A State cannot invoke jurisdiction from jurisdiction before a court of another State

which is otherwise competent in a widening which is to be provided to its participation in a

company or other collective body, whether incorporated or unincorporated, being a

Concerning the relationship between the State and the body or the other

despite the feeling, provided that the body:

( a ) has had other than States or international organizations; and

( b ) is incorporated or incorporated under the law of the State of the forum or has its seat

or main place of business in that State.

2. A State can, however, invoke banned from jurisdiction in such a statement if the

States concerned have so agreed or if the parties to the dispute have so provided by an

agreement in writing or if the instrument was to be fixed or regulating the body in question

contains provisions to that effect.

Article 16

Ships owned or operated by a State

1. otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State which owns or

banned the ship cannot invoke from jurisdiction before a court of another State

which is otherwise competent in a which was to be agreed to the operation of that ship

if, at the time the cause of action rose, the ship was used for other than government

non-commercial purposes.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply to warships, or naval auxiliaries, nor does it apply to other

vessels owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being, only on government

non-commercial service.

3. Otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke

banned from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent

in a heated which is responsible to the carriage of cargo on board a ship owned or operated

by that State if, at the time the cause of action rose, the ship was used for other than

government non-commercial purposes.

4. Paragraph 3 does not apply to any cargo carried on board the ships referred to in

paragraph 2, nor does it apply to any cargo owned by a State and used or intended for

use as a government non-commercial purposes.

5. States may plead all measures of defence, prescription and limitation of liability

which are available to private ships and cargoes and their owners.

6. If in a lawsuit there is a question relating to the government and non-

commercial character of a ship owned or operated by a State or cargo owned by a State,

a certificate signed by a diplomatic representative or other competent authority of that

State and officials to the court shall serve as evidence of the character of that ship

or cargo.

Article 17

Effect of an arbitration agreement

If a State enters into an agreement in writing with a foreign natural or juridical person to

submit to arbitration differences relating to a commercial transaction, that State cannot

invoke shall be removed from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise

competent in a which is competent to:

( a ) the validity, interpretation or application of the arbitration agreement;

( b ) the arbitration procedure; or

( c ) the confirmation or the setting aside of the award, unless the arbitration agreement

otherwise provides.

Part IV

State banned from measures of constraint in connection with proceedings before

the court

Article 18

State probability from pre-judgment measures of constraint

In the pre-judgment measures of constraint, such as attachment or arrest, against property

of a State may be taken in connection with a ruling before a court of another State

unless and except to the extent that:

( a ) the State has expressly consented to the taking of such measures as indicated:

(i) by international agreement;

(ii) by an arbitration agreement or in a written contract; or

(iii) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication after a dispute

between the parties has been there; or

( b ) the State has allocated or the satisfaction property for the satisfaction of the claim which

is the object of that concerning.

Article 19

State probability from post-judgment measures of constraint

In the post-judgment measures of constraint, such as attachment, arrest or execution,

against property of a State may be taken in connection with a lawsuit before a court

of another State unless and except to the extent that:

( a ) the State has expressly consented to the taking of such measures as indicated:

(i) by international agreement;

(ii) by an arbitration agreement or in a written contract; or

(iii) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication after a dispute

between the parties has been there; or

( b ) the State has allocated or the satisfaction property for the satisfaction of the claim which

is the object of that thereof; or

( c ) it has been established that the property is convicted in use or intended for use by

the State for other than government non-commercial purposes and is in the territory of

the State of the forum, provided that post-judgment measures of constraint may only be

taken against property that has a connection with the entity against which the

Rhetoric was directed.

Article 20

Effect of consent to jurisdiction to measures of constraint

Where consent to the measures of constraint is required under articles 18 and 19,

consent to the exercise of jurisdiction under article 7 shall not consent consent to the

taking of measures of constraint.

Article 21

Specific categories of property

1. The following categories, in particular, of property of a State shall not be considered

property prices in use or intended for use by the State for other than government

non-commercial purposes under article 19, therefore ( c ):

( a ) property, including any bank account, which is used or intended for use in the

performance of the functions of the diplomatic mission of the State or its consular posts,

special missions, missions to international organizations or to organs of

international organizations or to international conferences;

( b ) property of a military character or used or intended for use in the performance of

military functions;

( c ) property of the central bank or other monetary authority of the State;

( d ) property forming part of the cultural heritage of the State or part of its archives and

not placed or intended to be placed on sale;

( and ) property property forming part of an exhibition of objects of scientific, cultural or historical

interest and not placed or intended to be placed on sale.

2. Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to article 18 and article 19, subparagraphs ( a ) and

( b ).

Part V

Miscellaneous provisions

Article 22

Service of process

1. Service of process by writ or other document instituting a lawsuit against a State

shall be shall be:

( a ) in accordance with any applicable international convention binding on the State of

the forum and the State concerned; or

( b ) in accordance with any special arrangement for service between the claimant and the

State concerned, if not precluded by the law of the State of the forum; or

( c ) in the proceedings of such a convention or special arrangement:

(i) by transmission through diplomatic channels to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the

State concerned; or

(ii) by any other means accepted by the State concerned, if not precluded by the law of

the State of the forum.

2. Service of process referred to in paragraph 1 ( c ) (i) is told to have been kissed

by receipt of the documents by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

3. These documents shall be accompanied, if necessary, by a translation into the official

language, or one of the official languages, of the State concerned.

4. Any State that enters an appearance on the merits in a lawsuit instituted against it

may not to assert that service of process did not deal with the provisions of

ages 1 and 3.

Article 23

Default judgment

1. Default judgment shall not be levied against a State unless the court has found

that:

( a ) the requirements laid down in article 22, paragraphs 1 and 3, have been laid

with;

( b ) a period of not less than four months has expired from the date on which the service

of the writ or other document instituting a following has been questioned or

have been questioned in accordance with article 22, paragraphs 1 and 2; and

( c ) the present Convention does not present it from the jurisdiction.

2. The copy of any default judgment lawsuit against a State, accompanied if necessary

by a translation into the official language or one of the official languages of the State

concerned, shall be transmitted to it through one of the means specified in article 22,

paragraph 1, and in accordance with the provisions of that paragraph.

3. The time-limit for being able to have a default judgment set aside shall not be less than

four months and shall begin to run from the date on which the copy of the judgment is

received or is received to have been received by the State concerned.

Article 24

Privileges and immunities during court proceedings

1. Any failure or a failure by a State to be charged with an order of a court of another State

enjoining it to perform or react from performing a specific act or to produce any

document or unless any other information for the purposes of a shall

on the consequences other than those which may result from such conduct in relation to the

merits of the case. In particular, in the fine or penalty shall be imposed on the State by

reason of such failure or failure.

2. State shall not be required to provide any security, bond or deposit, however

described, to guarantee the payment of judicial costs or expenses in any portion of

which it is a respondent party before a court of another State.

Part VI

Final clauses

Article 25

From

The full-time to the present Convention forms an integral part of the Convention.

Article 26

Other international agreements

Nothing in the present Convention shall affect the rights and obligations of States

Parties under existing international agreements which report to matters dealt with in the

present Convention as between the parties to those agreements.

Article 27

Settlement of disputes

1. States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes concerning the interpretation or

application of the present Convention through negotiation.

2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or

application of the present Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation

within six months shall, at the request of any of those States Parties, be submitted to

arbitration. If, six months after the date of the request for arbitration, those States Parties

are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any of those States Parties

may refer to the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in accordance with

the the Statute of the Court.

3. Each State Party may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of,

or to the present Convention, the present Convention, declare that it does not consider itself bound by

paragraph 2. The other States Parties shall not be bound by paragraph 2 with respect to

any State Party which has made such a declaration.

4. Any State Party that has made a declaration in accordance with paragraph 3 may at

any time withdraw that declaration by notification to the discussions of the

United Nations.

Article 28

Signature

The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States until 17 January 2007,

at United Nations Headquarters, New York.

Article 29

Ratification, acceptance, approval or approval

1. The present Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval.

2. The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State.

3. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or approval shall be made

with the guardian of the United Nations.

Article 30

Entry into force

1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date

of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or

with the guardian of the United Nations.

2. For each State ratifying, approving, approving or acceding to the present Convention

after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or

Accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by

such State of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or approval.

Article 31

Denounation

1. Any State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the

United of the United Nations.

2. Denunciation shall take effect one year following the date on which notification is

received by the officials of the United Nations. The present Convention shall,

however, continue to apply to any question of jurisdictional immunities of States or

their property arising in a lawsuit instituted against a State before a court of another

State prior to the date on which the denouncing takes effect for any of the States

concerned.

3. The denouncing shall not in any way affect the duty of any State Party to fulfil any

obligation embodied in the present Convention to which it would be subject under

international law bathroom of the present Convention.

Article 32

Depositary and notifications

1. The guardian of the United Nations is designated the depositary of the

present Convention.

2. The depositary of the present Convention, the Amendments of the United Nations

shall inform all States of the following:

( a ) signatures of the present Convention and the deposit of instruments of ratification,

acceptance, approval or approval or notifications of whistleblower, in accordance with

articles 29 and 31;

( b ) the date on which the present Convention will enter into force, in accordance with

article 30;

( c ) any acts, notifications or communications relating to the present Convention.

Article 33

Authentic texts

The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the present

Convention are equally authentic.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being held authorized by their

respective Governments, have signed this Convention opened for signature at United

Nations Headquarters in New York on 17 January 2005.

Ement to the Convention

Understandings with respect to certain provisions of the Convention

The present precedent is for the purpose of setting out understandings relating to the

Concerned.

With respect to article 10

The term "concerning" in article 10 is to be understood in the context of the present

Convention as a whole.

Article 10, paragraph 3, does not prejudge the question of "piercing the corporate veil",

questions relating to a situation where a State entity has been misrepresented its

financial position or have reduced its assets to avoid satisfying a claim, or other

related issues.

With respect to article 11

The reference in article 11, paragraph 2 ( d ), to the "security interests" of the employer

State is intended primarily to address matters of national security and the security of

diplomatic missions and consular posts.

Under article 41 of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and article 55

of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, all persons referred to in those

articles have the duty to respect the laws and regulations, including labour laws, of the

country host. At the same time, under article 38 of the 1961 Vienna Convention on

Diplomatic Relations and article 71 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular

Relations, the receiving State has a duty to exercise its jurisdiction in such a manner as

not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the mission or the

consular post.

With respect to articles 13 and 14

The expression "determination" is used to refer to not only to the ascertainment or

verification of the existence of the rights protected, but also to the evaluation or

assessment of the substance, including content, scope and extent, of such rights.

With respect to article 17

The expression "commercial transaction" includes investment matters.

With respect to article 19

The expression "entity" in vitro ( c ) means the State as an independent legal

personality, the constituent unit of a federal State, a subdivision of a State, an agency or

instrumentality of a State or other entity, which enjoys independent legal personality.

The words "property that has a connection with the entity" in proceedings ( c ) are to be

understood the broader than ownership or larger ones.

Article 19 does not prejudge the question of "piercing the corporate veil", questions

relating to a situation where a State entity has been misrepresented its financial

position or reduced its assets to avoid satisfying a claim, or other related

issues.

Convention des Nations Unies sur l' immunité juridictionnelle des États et de

leurs biens

Les États Parties à la préfeels Convention ,

Considérant what les immunités juridictionnelles des États et de leurs biens procèdent

d' un principe généralement accepté du droit international coutumier,

Ayant à l' esprit les principes du droit international consacrés dans la Charte des Nations

Unies,

Convaincus qu' une convention internationale sur les immunités juridictionnelles des

États et de leurs biens renforcerait la prééminence du droit et la sécurité juridique, en

particulier dans les rapports among les États et les personnes physiques et morales, et

contribuerait à la codiation et au développement du droit international et à

l' engaged des pratiques dans ce domaine,

Tenant compte de l' évolution de la pratique des États en ce qui concerne les immunités

juridictionnelles des États et de leurs biens,

Affirmant that les règles du droit international coutumier continuent de régir les

questions qui n' ont pas été réglées dans les dispositions de la préfeels

Convention,

Sont convenus of ce qui suit :

Première partie

Introduction

Article premier

Portée de la préfeels Convention

La préfeels Convention s' applique à l' immunité de juridiction d' un État et de ses biens

devant les tribunaux d' un autre État.

Article 2

Emploi des termes

1. Aux purposes of la préfeels Convention:

a ) Le terme " court "" s' entend de tout organe d' un État, quelle that soit sa

dénomination, habilité à exercising des fonctions judiciaires;

b ) Le terme " État " désigne:

i) L' État et ses divers organes de gouvernement;

ii) Les composantes d' un État fédéral or les subtly politiciques de l' État, qui sont

habilitées à accomplir des actes dans l' exerice de l' autorité souveraine et agissent à ce

titre;

iii) Les établissements or organismes d' État or autres entités, dès lors qu' ils sont

habilités à accomplir et accomplissent effectivement des actes dans l' exerice de

l' autorité souveraine de l' État;

iv) Les représentants de l' État agissant à ce titre;

c ) L' expression " transaction commerciale " désigne:

i) Tout contrat or transaction de caractère commercial pour la vente de biens or la

prestation of services;

ii) Tout contrat de prêt or autre transaction de nature financière, y compris toute

guarantee of guarantee or d' indemnisation en rapport avec un tel prêt ou une telle

transaction;

iii) Tout autre contrat or transaction de nature commerciale, industrielle or portant sur

la fourniture de biens or de services, à l' exclusion d' un contrat de travail.

2. Pour déterminer si un contrat or une transaction est une " transaction commerciale "

au sens de l' alinéa c du paragraphe 1, il convient de tenir compte en premier lieu de la

nature du contrat or de la transaction, more il faudrait aussi arrest en considération son

but si les parties au contrat or à la transaction en sont ainsi convenues, or si, dans la

Pratique de l' État du for, ce but est pertinent pour déterminer la nature non commerciale

du contrat or de la transaction.

3. Les dispositions des paragraphes 1 et 2 concernant l' emploi des termes dans la

préfeels Convention n' affectent pas l' emploi de ces termes ni le sens qui peut leur être

donné dans d' autres instruments internationaux or dans le droit interne d' un État.

Article 3

Privilèges et immunités non affectés par la préfeels Convention

1. La préfeels Convention n' affecte pas les privilèges et immunités dont jouit un État en

vertu du droit international en ce qui concerne l' exerice des fonctions:

a ) De ses missions diplomatiques, de ses postes consulaires, de ses missions spéciales,

of ses missions auprès des organisations internationales, or of ses délégations dans les

organes des organisations internationales or aux conférences internationales; et

b ) Des personnes qui y sont attachées.

2. La préfeel Convention n' affecte pas non plus les privilèges et immunités que le droit

international reconnaît ratione personae aux chefs d' État.

3. La préfeel Convention n' affecte pas les privilèges et immunités que le droit

international reconnaît à un État concernant des aéronefs or des objets spatiaux lui

appartenant or exploités par lui.

Article 4

Non-rétroactivité de la préfeels Convention

Sans préjudice de l' application de toutes règles énoncées dans la préfeels Convention

auxquelles les immunités juridictionnelles des États et de leurs biens sont soumises en

vertu du droit international indépendamment de la préfeels Convention, cette dernière

ne s' applique à aucune question relative aux immunités juridictionnelles des États or de

leurs biens soulevée dans une procédure intentée contre un État devant un tribunal d' un

autre État avant l' entrée en vigueur de la préfeels Convention among les États concernés.

Deuxième partie

Principes généraux

Article 5

Immunité des États

Un État jouit, pour lui-même et pour ses biens, de l' immunité de juridiction devant les

tribunaux d' un autre État, sous réserve des dispositions de la préfeels Convention.

Article 6

Modalités pour donner effet à l' immunité des États

1. Un État donne effet à l' immunité des États prévue par l' article 5 en s' abstenant

d' exerting sa juridiction dans une procédure devant ses tribunaux contre un autre État et,

à cette fin, veille à ce que ses tribunaux établissent d' office que que l' immunité de cet autre

État prévue par l' article 5 est respectée.

2. Une procédure devant un tribunal d' un État est considérée comme étant intentée

contre un autre État lorsque celui-ci:

a ) Est cité comme partie à la procédure; or

b ) N' est pas cité comme partie à la procédure, more that cette procélasts vise en fait à

porter atteinte aux biens, droits, intérêts or activités de cet autre État.

Article 7

Consentement exprès à l' exerice de la juridiction

1. Un État ne peut invoquer l' immunité de juridiction dans une procédure devant un

court d' un autre État à l' égard d' une matière or d' une affaire s' il a consents

expressément à l' exerice de la juridiction de ce tribunal à l' égard de cette matière or de

cette affaire:

a ) Par accord international;

b ) Dans un contrat écrit; or

c ) Par une déclaration devant le tribunal or une communication écrite dans une

procédure déterminée.

2. L' accord donné par un État pour l' application de la loi d' un autre État n' est pas

réputé valoir consentement à l' exerice de la juridiction des tribunaux de cet autre État.

Article 8

Effet de la participation à une procédure devant un tribunal

1. Un État ne peut invoquer l' immunité de juridiction dans une procédure devant un

court d' un autre État:

a ) S' il the intenté lui-même ladite procédure; or

b ) Si, quant au fond, il est intervenu à ladite procédure or y a participé de quelque façon

that ce soit. Cependant, si l' État prouve au tribunal qu' il n' a pu avoir connaissance de

faits sur lesquels une demande d' immunité peut être fondée qu' après avoir participé à la

procédure, il peut invoquer l' immunité sur la base de ces faits, à condition de le faire

sans retard.

2. Un État n' est pas réputé avoir consents à l' exerice de la juridiction d' un tribunal

d' un autre État s'il intervient dans une procélase or y participate to the seule fin:

a ) D' invoquer l' immunité; or

b ) De faire valoir un droit or un intérêt à l' égard d' un bien en cause dans la procédure.

3. La comparution d' un représentant d' un État devant un tribunal d' un autre État comme

témoin n' est pas réputée valoir consentement du premier État à l' exerice de la

juridiction of ce court.

4. Le défaut de comparution d' un État dans une procédure devant un tribunal d' un autre

État ne saurait s' interpréter comme valant consentement du premier État à l' exerice de

la juridiction de ce tribunal.

Article 9

Demandes reconventionnelles

1. Un État qui intente une procédure devant un tribunal d' un autre État ne peut invoquer

l' immunité de juridiction devant ledit court en ce qui concerne une demande

reconventionnelle qui est fondée sur le même rapport de droit or les mêmes faits que la

demande principale.

2. Un État qui intervient pour introducire une demande dans une procédure devant un

court d' un autre État ne peut invoquer l' immunité de juridiction devant ledit tribunal

en ce qui concerne une demande reconventionnelle qui est fondée sur le même rapport

of droit or les mêmes faits that la demande introduce par lui.

3. Un État qui introducit une demande reconventionnelle dans une procédure intentée

contre lui devant un tribunal d' un autre État ne peut invowant l' immunité de juridiction

devant ledit court en ce qui concerne la demande principale.

Troisième partie

Procédures dans lesquelles les États ne peuvent pas invoquer l' immunité

Article 10

Transactions commerciales

1. Si un État effectue, avec une personne physique or morale étrangère, une transaction

commerciale et si, en vertu des règles applicables de droit international privé, les

contestations relatives à cette transaction commerciale relèvent de la juridiction d' un

court d' un autre État, l' État ne peut invoquer l' immunité de juridiction devant ce

court dans une procédure découlant de ladite transaction.

2. Le paragraphe 1 ne s' applique pas:

a ) Dans le cas d' une transaction commerciale between États; or

b ) Si les parties à la transaction commerciale en sont expressément convenues

autrement.

3. Lorsqu' une entreprise d' État ou une autre entité créée par l' État qui est dotée d' une

personnalité juridique distincte et a la capacité:

a ) D' ester et d' être attrait en justice; et

b ) D' acquérir, de posséder or de détenir et de céder des biens, y compris des biens que

l' État l' a autorisée à exploiter or the gérer, est impliquée dans une procédure se

rapportant à une transaction commerciale dans laquelle elle est engagée, l' immunité de

juridiction dont jouit l' État concerné n' est pas affectée.

Article 11

Contrats de travail

1. To the moins that les États concernés n' en conviennent autrement, un État ne peut

invowant l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État, compétent en

l' espèce, dans une procédure se rapportant à un contrat de travail between l' État et une

personne physique pour un travail accompli or devant être accompli, en totalité or en

partie, sur le territoire de cet autre État.

2. Le paragraphe 1 ne s' applique pas:

a ) Si l' employé the été engagé pour s' acquitter de fonctions particulières dans l' exerice

de la puissance publique;

b ) Si l' employé est:

i) Agent diplomatique, tel que défini dans la Convention de Vienne sur les relations

graduatiques of 1961;

ii) Fonctionnaire consulaire, tel que défini dans la Convention de Vienne sur les

relations consulaires of 1963;

iii) Membre du personnel diplomatique d' une mission permanent auprès d' une

organisation internationale, or d' une mission spéciale, or s' il est engagé pour

représenter un État lors d' une conférence internationale; or

iv) S' il s' agit de toute autre personne jouissant de l' immunité diplomatique;

c ) Si l' action a pour objet l' engagement, le renouvellement de l' engagement ou la

réintégration d' un candidat;

d ) Si l' action a pour objet le graduement or la résiliation du contrat d' un employé et si,

de l' avis du chef de l' État, du chef du gouvernement or du Ministre des affaires

étrangères de l' État employeur, cette action risque d' interférer avec les intérêts de l' État

en matière de sécurité;

and ) Si l' employé est ressortissant de l' État employeur au moment où l' action est engagée,

to moins qu' il n' ait sa résidence permanent dans l' État du for; or

f ) Si l' employé et l' État employeur en sont convenus autrement par écrit, sous réserve

de considérations d' ordre public conférant aux tribunaux de l' État du for juridiction

exclusive en raison de l' objet de l' action.

Article 12

Atteors à l' intégrité physique d' une personne or dommages aux biens

À moins that les États concernés n' en conviennent autrement, un État ne peut invoquer

l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État, compétent en l' espèce,

dans une procéure se rapportant à une action en réparation pécuniaire en cas de décès

or d' atteinte à l' intégrité physique d' une personne, or en cas de dommage or perte

d' un bien corporel, dus à un acte or à une omission prétendument attribuables à l' État,

si cet acte or cette omission se sont produits, en totalité or en partie, sur le territoire de

cet autre État et si l' auteur de l' acte or de l' omission était présent sur ce territoire au

moment de l' acte or de l' omission.

Article 13

Propriété, fitted et usage of biens

À moins that les États concernés n' en conviennent autrement, un État ne peut invoquer

l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État, compétent en l' espèce,

dans une procédure se rapportant à la détermination:

a ) D' un droit or intérêt de l' État sur un bien immobilier situé sur le territoire de l' État

du for, de la fitted du bien immobilier par l' État ou de l' usage qu' il en fait, or

d' une obligation de l' État en raison de son intérêt juridique au regard de ce bien

immobilier, de sa fitted or of son usage;

b ) D' un droit or intérêt de l' État sur un bien mobilier or immobilier né d' une

succession, d' une meaning or d' une vacance; or

c ) D' un droit or intérêt de l' État dans l' administration de biens tels that biens en trust,

biens faisant partie du patrimoine d' un failli or biens d' une société en cas de

dissolution.

Article 14

Propriété intellectuelle et industrielle

À moins that les États concernés n' en conviennent autrement, un État ne peut invoquer

l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État, compétent en l' espèce,

dans une procédure se rapportant à:

a ) La détermination d' un droit de l' État sur un brevet, un dessin or modèle industriel,

un nom commercial or une raison sociale, une mark de fabrique or from commerce or

un droit d' auteur or toute autre form de propriété intellectuelle or industrielle, qui

bénéficie d' une mesure de protection juridique, même provisoire, dans l' État du for; or

b ) Une allégation de non-respect par l' État, sur le territoire de l' État du for, d' un droit

du type visé à l' alinéa a appartenant à un tiers et protégé par l' État du for.

Article 15

Participation to the des sociétés or autres groupements

1. Un État ne peut invoquer l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État,

compétent en l' espèce, dans une procédure se rapportant à sa participation dans une

société or un groupement ayant or non la personnalité juridique et concernant les

rapports between l' État et la société ou le groupement or les autres parties, dès lors que la

société or le groupement:

a ) Comprennent des parties autres que des États or des organisations internationales; et

b ) Sont enregistrés or constitues selon la loi de l' État du for or ont leur siège or leur

main lieu d' activité dans cet État.

2. Un État peut toutefois invoquer l' immunité de juridiction dans une telle procédure si

les États intéressés en sont ainsi convenus or si les parties au différend en ont ainsi

disposé par accord écrit or si l' instrument établissant or régissant la société ou le

groupement en question contient des dispositions à cet effet.

Article 16

Navires dont un État est le propriétaire or l' exploitant

1. To the moins that les États concernés n' en conviennent autrement, un État propriétaire or

exploitant d' un navire ne peut invowant l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal

d' un autre État, compétent en l' espèce, dans une procédure se rapportant à l' exploitation

from ce navire si, au moment du fait qui a donné lieu à l' action, le navire était utilisé

autrement qu' à des purposes de service public non commerciales.

2. Le paragraphe 1 ne s' applique ni aux navies de guerre et navires auxiliaires, ni aux

autres navires dont un État est le propriétaire or l' exploitant et qui sont, pour le

moment, utilisés exclusivement, pour un service public non commercial.

3. To the moins that les États concernés n' en conviennent autrement, un État ne peut

invowant l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État, compétent en

l' espèce, dans une procédure se rapportant au transport d' une cargaison à bord d' un

navire dont un État est le propriétaire or l' exploitant si, au moment du fait qui a donné

lieu à l' action, le navire était utilisé autrement qu' à des purposes de service public non

commerciales.

4. Le paragraphe 3 ne s' applique ni à une cargaison transportée à bord des navires visés

au paragraph 2 ni à une cargaison dont un État est propriétaire et qui est utilisée or

destinée à être utilisée exclusivement à des purposes de service public non commerciales.

5. Les États peuvent invoquer tous les moyens de défense, de prescription et de

limitation of responsabilité dont peuvent se prévaloir les navires et cargaisons privés et

leurs propriétaires.

6. Si, dans une procédure, la question du caractère gouvernemental et non commercial

d' un navire dont un État est le propriétaire or l' exploitant or d' une cargaison dont un

État est propriétaire se trouve posée, la production devant le tribunal d' une attestation

signée par un représentant diplomatique ou autre autorité compétente de cet État vaudra

preuve du caractère de ce navire or de cette cargaison.

Article 17

Effet d' un accord d' arbitrage

Si un État conclut par écrit un accord avec une personne physique or morale étrangère

afin de soumettre à l' arbitrage des contestations relatives à une transaction commerciale,

cet État ne peut invowant l' immunité de juridiction devant un tribunal d' un autre État,

compétent en l' espèce, dans une procédure se rapportant:

a ) À la validité, à l' interprétation or à l' application de l' accord d' arbitrage;

b ) À la procédure d' arbitrage; or

c ) À la confirmation or au rejet de la sentence arbitrale, à moins que l' accord

d' arbitrage n' en dispose autrement.

Quatrième partie

Immunité des États à l' égard des mesures de contrainte en relation avec une

procédure devant un tribunal

Article 18

Immunité des États à l' égard des mesures de contraintes antérieures au jugement

Il ne peut être procédé antérieurement au jugement à aucune mesure de contrainte, telle

that saisie or saisie-arrêt, contre les biens d' un État en relation avec une procédure

devant un tribunal d' un autre État, excepté si et dans la mesure où:

a ) L' État a expressément consents à l' application de telles mesures dans les termes

indiqués:

i) Par un accord international;

ii) Par une convention d' arbitrage or un contrat écrit; or

iii) Par une déclaration devant le tribunal or une communication écrite faite après la

survenance d' un différend among les parties; or

b ) L' État a réservé or affecté des biens à la satisfaction de la demande qui fait l' objet de

cette procélases.

Article 19

Immunité des États à l' égard des mesures de contrainte postérieures au jugement

Aucune mesure de contrainte postérieure au jugement, telle that saisie, saisiearrêt or

saisie-exécution, ne peut être prise contre des biens d' un État en relation avec une

procédure intentée devant un tribunal d' un autre État excepté si et dans la mesure où:

a ) L' État a expressément consents à l' application de telles mesures dans les termes

indiqués:

i) Par un accord international;

ii) Par une convention d' arbitrage or un contrat écrit; or

iii) Par une déclaration devant le tribunal or une communication écrite faite après la

survenance du différend among les parties; or

b ) L' État a réservé or affecté des biens à la satisfaction de la demande qui fait l' objet de

cette procélases; or

c ) Il a été établi que les biens sont spécifiquement utilisés or destinés à être utilisés par

l' État autrement qu' à des purposes de service public non commerciales et sont situés sur le

territoire de l' État du for, à condition that les mesures de contrainte postérieures au

jugement ne portent that sur des biens qui ont un lien avec l' entité contre laquelle la

procélases the été intentée.

Article 20

Effet du consentement à l' exerice de la juridiction sur l' adoption de mesures de

contrainte

Dans les cas où le consentement à l' adoption de mesures de contrainte est requis en

vertu des articles 18 et 19, le consentement à l' exerice de la juridiction au titre de

l' article 7 n' imple pas qu' il y ait consentement à l' adoption of mesures of contrainte.

Article 21

Catégories spécifiques de biens

1. Les catégories de biens d' État ci-après ne sont notamment pas considérées comme

des biens spécifiquement utilisés or destinés à être utilisés par l' État autrement qu' à des

purposes of service public non commerciales au sens des dispositions de l' alinéa c from

l' article 19:

a ) Les biens, y compris les comptes bancaires, utilisés or destinés à être utilisés dans

l' exerice des fonctions de la mission diplomatique de l' État or de ses postes

consulaires, de ses missions spéciales, de ses missions auprès des organisations

internationales, or de ses délégations dans les organes des organizations internationales

or aux conférences internationales;

b ) Les biens de caractère militaire or les biens utilisés or destinés à être utilisés dans

l' exerice de fonctions militaires;

c ) Les biens de la banque centrale or d' une autre autorité monétaire de l' État;

d ) Les biens faisant partie du patrimoine culturel de l' État or de ses archives qui ne sont

pas mis or destinés à être mis en vente;

and ) Les biens faisant partie d' une exposition d' objets d' intérêt scientifique, culturel or

historique qui ne sont pas mis or destinés à être mis en vente.

2. Le paragraphe 1 est sans préjudice de l' article 18 et des alinéas a et b ) de l' article 19.

Cinquième partie

Dispositions diverses

Article 22

Signification or notification des actes introductifs d' instance

1. La signification or la notification d' une assignation or de toute autre pièce instituant

une procédure contre un État est effectuée:

a ) Conformément à toute convention internationale applicable liant l' État du for et

l' État concerné; or

b ) Conformément à tout arrangement particulier en matière de signification or de

notification intervenu between le demandeur et l' État concerné, si la loi de l' État du for ne

s' y meaning pas; or

c ) En l' absorption d' une telle convention or d' un tel arrangement particulier:

i) Par communication adressée par les voies diplomatiques au Ministère des affaires

étrangères de l' État concerné; or

ii) Par tout autre moyen accepté par l' État concerné, si la loi de l' État du for ne s' y

pas.

2. La signification or la notification par le moyen visé au sous-alinéa i de l' alinéa c du

Che 1 est réputée effectuée par la réception des documents par le Ministère des

affaires étrangères.

3. Ces documents sont accompagnés, s' il y a lieu, d' une translction dans la langue or

l' une des langues officielles de l' État concerné.

4. Tout État qui comparaît quant au fond dans une procédure intentée contre lui ne peut

ensuite exciper de la non-conformité de la signification or de la notification de

l' assignation avec les dispositions des paragraphes 1 et 3.

Article 23

Jugement par défaut

1. Un jugement par défaut ne peut être rendu contre un État, à moins that le Tribunal ne

s' means:

a ) Que les conditions prévues aux ces 1 et 3 de l' article 22 ont été respectées;

b ) Qu' il s' est écoulé un délai de quatre mois au moins à de la date à laquelle la

signification or la notification de l' assignation or autre pièce instituant la procédure a

été effectuée or est réputée avoir été effectuée conformément aux paragraphes 1 et 2 de

l' article 22; et

c ) That la préfeels Convention ne lui interdise pas d' exercise sa juridiction.

2. Une copie de tout jugement par défaut rendu contre un État, accompagnée, s' il y a

lieu, d' une translction dans la langue or l' une des langues officielles de l' État concerné,

est communiquée à celui-ci par l' un des moyens spécifiés au paragraphe 1 de l' article

22 et conformément aux dispositions dudit eth.

3. Le délai pour former un recours contre un jugement par défaut ne pourra être

inférieur à quatre mois et commencera à courir à la date à laquelle la copie du jugement

the été reçue or est réputée avoir été reçue par l' État concerné.

Article 24

Privilèges et immunités en cours de procédure devant un tribunal

1. Toute omission or tout refus par un État de conformer à une décision du tribunal

d' un autre État lui enjoyant d' accomplir or de s' abstenir d' accomplir un acte

déterminé or de produire une pièce or to advertise toute autre information aux fins d' une

procéure n' entraîne pas de conséquences autres que celles qui peuvent résulter, quant

au fond de l' affaire, de ce comportement. En particulier, aucune amende or autre peine

ne sera imposée à l' État en raison d' une telle omission or d' un tel refus.

2. Un État n' est pas tenu de fournir un cautionnement ni de constituer un dépôt, sous

quelque dénomination that ce soit, en guaranteed du paiement des frais et dépens d' une

procélases à laquelle il est partie défenderesse devant un tribunal d' un autre État.

Sixième partie

Clauses finales

Article 25

Despite and

L' ained and à la préfeels Convention fait partie intégrante de celle-ci.

Article 26

Autres accords internationaux

Les dispositions de la préfeels Convention ne portent pas atteinte aux droits et

obligations that pourraient avoir les États Parties en vertu d' accords internationaux en

vigueur auxquels ils seraient parties, traitant de questions faisant l' objet de la

Convention.

Article 27

Règlement des différends

1. Les États Parties s' efforcent de régler les différends concernant l' interprétation or

l' application de la préfeels Convention par voie de négociation.

2. Tout différend between deux États Parties or plus concernant l' interprétation or

l' application de la préfeels Convention qui ne peut être réglé par voie de négociation

dans un délai de six mois est, à la demande de l' un quelconque de ces États Parties,

soumis à l' arbitrage. Si, dans un délai de six mois à compter de la date de la demande

d' arbitrage, les États Parties ne peuvent s' understandre sur l' organisation de l' arbitrage, l' un

quelconque d' between eux peut porter le différend devant la Cour internationale de Justice

en lui adressant une requête conformément au Statut de la Cour.

3. Chaque État Partie peut, au moment de la signature, de la ratification, de l' acceptation

or de l' approbation de la préfeels Convention or de l' adhésion à celle-ci, déclarer qu' il

ne se considère pas lié par le paragraphe 2. Les autres États Parties ne sont pas liés par

le ôhe 2 envers tout État Partie ayant fait une telle déclaration.

4. Tout État Partie qui a fait une déclaration en vertu du déclarhe 3 peut la retire à

tout moment en adressant une notification au Secrétaire général de l' Organisation des

Nations Unies.

Article 28

Signature

La préfeels Convention sera ouverte à la signature de tous les États jusqu' au 17 janvier

2007 au Siège de l' Organisation des Nations Unies, à New York.

Article 29

Ratification, acceptation, approbation or adhésion

1. La préfeels Convention sera soumise à ratification, acceptation or approbation.

2. La préfeels Convention restera ouverte à l' adhésion de tout État.

3. Les instruments de ratification, acceptation, approbation or adhésion seront déposés

auprès du Secrétaire général de l' Organisation des Nations Unies.

Article 30

Entrée en vigueur

1. La préfeels Convention entrera en vigueur le trentième jour suivant la date de dépôt

du trentième instrument de ratification, d' acceptation, d' approbation or d' adhésion

auprès du Secrétaire général de l' Organisation des Nations Unies.

2. Pour chaque État qui ratifiera, acceptera or approuvera la préfeels Convention or

adhérera à celle-ci après le dépôt du trentième instrument de ratification, d' acceptation,

d' approbation or d' adhésion, elle entrera en vigueur le trentième jour suivant la date de

dépôt de l' instrument pertinent par ledit État.

Article 31

Dénonciation

1. Tout État Partie peut dénoncer la préfeels Convention par notification écrite adressée

au Secrétaire général de l' Organisation des Nations Unies.

2. La dénonciation prend effet un an après la date de réception de la notification par le

Secrétaire général de l' Organisation des Nations Unies. Toutefois, la préfeel

Convention continuera to s' appliquer à toute question relative aux immunités

juridictionnelles des États or de leurs biens soulevée dans une procédure intentée contre

un État devant un tribunal d' un autre État avant la date à laquelle la dénonciation prend

effet à l' égard de l' un quelconque des États concernés.

3. La dénonciation n' affecte en rien le devoir qu' a tout État Partie de remplir toute

obligation énoncée dans la préfeels Convention à laquelle il serait soumis en vertu du

droit international indépendamment de celle-ci.

Article 32

Dépositaire et notifications

1. Le Secrétaire général de l' Organisation des Nations Unies est le dépositaire de la

préfeel Convention.

2. En sa qualité de dépositaire de la préfeels Convention, le Secrétaire général de

l' Organisation des Nations Unies notifie à tous les États:

a ) Toute signature de la préfeels Convention et tout dépôt d' un instrument de

ratification, d' acceptation, d' approbation or d' adhésion or d' une notification de

dénonciation, conformément aux articles 29 et 31;

b ) La date d' entrée en vigueur de la préfeels Convention, conformément à l' article 30;

c ) Tous autres actes et toutes autres notifications or communications en rapport avec la

préfeel Convention.

Article 33

Textes authentiques

Les textes anglais, arabe, chinois, espagnol, français et russe de la préfeels Convention

font également was.

EN WAS DE QUOI les soussignés, à ce dûment authorisés par leurs gouvernements

respectifs, ont signé la préfeels Convention ouverte à la signature au Siège de

l' Organisation des Nations Unies à New York le 17 janvier 2005.

Eve and à la Convention

Points convenus en ce qui concerne la compréhension de certaines dispositions de

la Convention

La préfeels comfortable and the pour but d' énoncer les points convenus en ce qui concerne la

compréhension des dispositions dont il est question.

Article 10

Le terme " immunité " employé à l' article 10 doit être understandu dans le contexte de

l' ensemble de la préfeels Convention.

Le paragraphe 3 de l' article 10 ne préjuge ni la question de la " levée du voile

dissimulant l' entité ", ni les questions liées à une situation dans laquelle une entité

d' État a délibérément déguisé sa situation financière or réduit après coup ses actifs pour

éviter de satisfaire à une demande, ni d' autres questions connexes.

Article 11

La référence aux " intérêts en matière de sécurité " de l' État employeur, à l' alinéa d ) du

Che 2 de l' article 11, vise essentiellement à traiter les questions relatives à la

sécurité nationale et à la sécurité des missions diplomatiques et des postes consulaires.

Aux termes de l' article 41 de la Convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques

from 1961 et de l' article 55 de la Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires de

1963, toutes les personnes visées dans ces articles ont le devoir de respecter les lois et

règlements du pays hôte, y compris la législation du travail. Parallèlement, aux termes

de l' article 38 de la Convention de Vienne sur les relations graduatiques of 1961 et de

l' article 71 de la Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires de 1963, l' État

d' accueil doit exercise sa juridiction sur ces personnes de façon à ne pas entraver d' une

manière excessive l' accomplissement des fonctions de la mission ou du poste

consulaire.

Articles 13 et 14

Le terme " détermination " tel qu' il est employé dans ces articles s' entend non

seulement de l' établissement or de la vérification de l' existence des droits protégés,

more aussi de l' évaluation or de l' appréciation de ces droits quant au fond, y compris

leur contenu, leur portée et leur étendue.

Article 17

L' expression " transaction commerciale " recouvre les questions d' investissement.

Article 19

Le terme " entité " utilisé à l' alinéa c ) s' entend de l' État en tant que personnalité

juridique indépendante, d' une unité constitutive d' un État fédéral, d' une subdivision

d' un État, d' un organisme or d' une institution étatique or de toute autre entité, dotée

d' une personnalité juridique indépendante.

L' expression " les biens qui ont un lien avec l' entité " utilisée à l' alinéa c ) s' entend

dans un sens plus large que la propriété or la possession.

L' article 19 ne préjuge ni la question de la " levée du voile dissimulant l' entité ", ni les

questions liées à'une situation dans laquelle une entité d' État a délibérément déguisé sa

situation financière or réduit après coup ses actifs pour éviter de satisfaire à une une

demande, ni d' autres questions connexes.