Key Benefits:
Law of 16 April 2015 implementing the Directive 2013 /11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 248/62 of the European Parliament and of the Council 2006/2004 and Directive 2009 /22/EC and implementation of the Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online resolution of consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council 2006/2004 and Directive 2009 /22/EC (Implementing Law Out-of-court Dispute Resolution Consumers)
We Willem-Alexander, at the grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc.
All of them, who will see or hear these, saluut! do know:
In this regard, we have taken into account that it is necessary to provide for legal rules to give effect to Directive 2013/11 /EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 248/2008 2006/2004 and Directive 2009 /22/EC (PbEU 2013, L165) as well as to Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online settlement of consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 248/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the online resolution of consumer disputes 2006/2004 and Directive 2009 /22/EC (PbEU 2013, L165);
For instance, we, the Department of Advising the Council of State, and with the mean consults of the States-General, have been well-liked and understood to be right and to be understood as saying:
1 In this Act the following definitions shall apply:
a. Consumer: any natural person who acts for purposes which are outside his commercial, commercial, occupational or occupational activity;
b. entrepreneur: any natural or legal person acting in the context of his trade, business, professional or professional activity, whether or not through another person acting on his behalf or on behalf of his or her behalf;
c. Purchase agreement: the agreement, referred to in Article 1 of Book 7 Civil Code , which is concluded between a consumer and an economic operator, including any agreement relating to both goods and services;
ed. Agreement to provide services: any agreement other than a contract of sale, whereby the trader undertakes to provide a service to the consumer and the consumer undertakes to pay the price thereof;
e. Domestic dispute: a dispute arising out of a contract of sale or agreement to the provision of services where the consumer is resident in the same Member State at the time of the conclusion of the contract as the one in which the economic operator is established;
f. cross-border dispute: a dispute arising from a contract of sale or agreement to the provision of services where the consumer is resident in a Member State other than the one where the trader is resident, at the time the contract is concluded. located;
g. procedure for out-of-court dispute resolution: a procedure as referred to in Article 2 which complies with the requirements of this Law and is implemented by a body for out-of-court dispute resolution within the meaning of this Act;
h. in the case of out-of-court dispute resolution: a body established in the Netherlands, irrespective of the designation, established on a sustainable basis and offering the settlement of a dispute through a procedure to out-of-court dispute resolution and designated under the Article 16 (1) ;
i. Our Secretary of State, for the record: Our Minister in whose policy area is the subject of dispute.
j. Durable medium: any tool that allows the consumer or the entrepreneur to personally store information addressed to him in a manner that makes this information accessible for future use during a period of time that is adapted to the purpose for which the information is intended, and which allows for an unaltered display of the information stored;
k. Directive 2013/11/EU: Directive 2013/11 /EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution of consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 148/EC 2006/2004 and Directive No 2009 /22/EC (PbEU 2013, L165);
l. Regulation (EU) No 524/2013: Regulation (EU) 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online resolution of consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 148/EC 2006/2004 and Directive 2009 /22/EC (PbEU 2013, L165).
2 An entrepreneur is established:
-where his business is established, if the entrepreneur is a natural person;
-where the registered office or central management is or is the undertaking, including a branch, agency or other establishment, if the economic operator or a company or any other legal person or association of natural or natural legal persons.
3 A body shall be established as an out-of-court dispute settlement body:
-where the operation is ensured by a natural person, at the place where the body carries out the activities of out-of-court dispute resolution;
-where the operation is ensured by a legal person or association of natural or legal persons, at the place where that legal person or association of natural or legal persons is in the field of external judicial activities the settlement of disputes or has its registered office;
-where its operation is ensured by a public authority or other body governed by public law, at the place where that public body or public entity is the seat of that public body.
1 This law applies to out-of-court settlement procedures of domestic and cross-border disputes arising from a purchase agreement or contract to provide services between one in the Netherlands. established economic operator and a consumer resident in the European Union, through the intervention of an out-of-court dispute settlement body which proposes or imposes a solution, or which brings together the parties in order to find an amicable solution to facilitate settlement.
2 This Act does not apply to:
a. The procedures for dispute settlement bodies in which the natural persons entrusted with the dispute settlement are employed solely or only receive compensation from the individual economic operator;
b. Procedures relating to the handling of consumer complaints, the operation of which is insured by the economic operator;
(c) non-economic services of general interest;
d. disputes between economic operators;
e. direct negotiations between the consumer and the trader;
f. attempts by a court to conduct a settlement in the context of judicial proceedings in relation to that dispute;
g. procedures initiated by an entrepreneur against a consumer;
h. Health services provided to patients by health professionals to assess, retain or restore the health status of those patients, including prescripting and dispensing medicines and health care. medical devices.
1 Disputes as referred to in Article 2 (1) may be submitted to an out-of-court dispute settlement body. If no specific body is present in a dispute, the dispute may be referred to a dispute committee set up by the Foundation for Consumer Affairs for Consumer Affairs to that end.
2 A body of out-of-court dispute resolution may, in its procedural rules, decide not to deal with a dispute on one or more of the following grounds:
a. the consumer has not tried to contact the entrepreneur concerned to discuss his complaint and to try to solve the problem directly with the entrepreneur in the first instance;
b. The dispute is of minor importance or vexatoir;
c. the dispute has previously been taken by another body for out-of-court dispute resolution or by a judge;
d. the value of the exposure shall be below or above a pre-fixed threshold amount;
e. the consumer did not submit his complaint to the body for out-of-court dispute resolution within a pre-fixed term; this period shall not be determined on less than one year from the date when the consumer complained of a complaint filed with the entrepreneur;
f. the treatment of such a dispute would otherwise seriously prejudice the effective functioning of the body to out-of-court dispute resolution.
3 If a body of out-of-court dispute resolution, in accordance with its procedural rules, cannot consider a dispute submitted to it, that authority shall provide it within three weeks of the receipt of the complete dispute settlement procedure. a complaint file to both parties a reasoned explanation of the reasons for not taking the dispute into consideration.
4 Procedural rules referred to in paragraph 2 shall not significantly impede the access of consumers to out-of-court dispute settlement procedures.
The Authority for Out-of-court Dispute Resolution:
a. maintains an updated website that provides easy access for the parties to information regarding the out-of-court dispute resolution procedure and enables consumers to file a complaint electronically and provide the necessary information send supporting documents;
b. provide the Parties, at their request, with the information referred to in subparagraph (a) on a durable medium;
c. enables the consumer, if necessary, to submit a complaint other than electronic means;
d. provides the possibility for the exchange of information between the parties by electronic means, or, where applicable, by mail;
e. takes up both domestic and cross-border litigation, including disputes covered by Regulation (EU) No 524/2013.
1 The necessary expertise, independence and impartiality of the natural persons in charge of the out-of-court dispute resolution shall be ensured by the body for out-of-court dispute resolution, which shall ensure it bears that persons:
(a) possess the necessary knowledge and skills in the field of out-of-court or judicial settlement of consumer disputes, as well as a general understanding of the law;
(b) be designated for a term of office which is sufficiently long to ensure the independence of their action and that they cannot be removed from their duties without due cause;
c. not to adopt instructions from either party or their representatives;
(d) receive a fee which does not relate to the outcome of the proceeding;
e. promptly notify the body to out-of-court dispute resolution of any circumstances that may affect, or be seen as having influence, on their independence and impartiality or trigger. may issue a conflict of interest with one of the parties to the dispute that is being referred to them for resolution. The obligation to disclose shall remain non-judicial dispute resolution throughout the course of the proceedings.
2 Without prejudice Article 8 (2) (a) , in the case of the circumstances referred to in paragraph 1, in the case of procedures referred to in paragraph 1, an out-of-court dispute settlement shall have procedures which ensure that:
(a) the natural person concerned shall be replaced by another natural person in charge of out-of-court dispute resolution proceedings; or if that is not possible,
(b) the natural person concerned shall review the procedure for out-of-court dispute resolution and, if possible, propose to the out-of-court dispute settlement body the parties to submit the dispute to the parties to the dispute. any other out-of-court dispute settlement authority that is competent to handle the dispute; or if that is not possible,
c. the circumstances are brought to the attention of the parties and the natural person concerned only has permission to continue the out-of-court dispute settlement procedure if the parties, after having been informed of the facts, have the circumstances and of their right to object, have not objected.
3 (1) (e) and (2) (a) shall not apply to the non-judicial dispute settlement body consisting of one natural person.
4 Natural persons in charge of the out-of-court dispute settlement who are employed solely or only receive compensation from a professional or business organisation of which the economic operator is involved in the dispute, comply with the requirements set out in paragraphs 1 and 5, and shall have a budget that is separate, specific and adequate for the fulfilment of their tasks. This paragraph shall not apply where the natural persons concerned form part of a collegial body in which an equal number of representatives is held by the professional or trade organisation in which they are employed or of which they are employed. receive compensation, on the one hand, and from consumer organisations, on the other.
5 Bodies to the out-of-court dispute settlement where the natural persons in charge of dispute settlement are members of a collegial body, provided that an equal number of representatives of the body responsible for the dispute settlement body are members of a collegiate body. meeting of consumer interests and of representatives of business interests.
6 Our Minister for the Government shall monitor any training programmes of the bodies to the out-of-court dispute settlement bodies for the purpose of the natural persons responsible for the out-of-court dispute settlement. the information provided on the basis of Article 18, part g .
1 To make out-of-court dispute resolution bodies on their website, on a durable medium if requested, and in any other manner they deem appropriate, clear and easy to understand, the following information: Accessible to the public:
a. their contact details, including mailing address and e-mail address;
b. the fact that instances are included in the list according to Article 19 (1) ;
c. which natural persons are responsible for the settlement of disputes, how they are designated and what the duration of their term of office is;
(d) whether they are affiliated, as appropriate, to networks of bodies of out-of-court dispute resolution to facilitate cross-border dispute resolution;
e. for the treatment of the types of dispute they are competent to dispute, including any applicable threshold;
f. which procedural rules on the resolution of a dispute apply and on what grounds the body may refuse to deal with any given dispute in accordance with Article 3 (2) ;
g. in which language or languages complaints may be filed with the authority for out-of-court dispute resolution and in which languages the proceedings are conducted;
h. on which types of rules the body can base itself in the dispute settlement;
i. what steps should be taken in advance by the parties before a procedure for out-of-court dispute resolution can be initiated, including an attempt by the consumer to reach a settlement of the law with the trader. case to come;
(j) whether the parties may withdraw from the proceedings;
k. the costs to be borne by the parties, including the rules on the reference to costs at the end of the procedure, where applicable;
l. how long the procedure lasts on average;
m. what legal effects the outcome of the procedure has, including the penalties for non-compliance in the case of a decision with binding effect on the Parties, as applicable;
n. to what extent, as far as relevant, the decision may be implemented in a proceeding.
2 To make out-of-court dispute settlement bodies on their website, on a durable medium if so requested, and in any other manner that they consider appropriate, annual activity reports accessible to the public. These reports shall contain the following information in relation to both domestic and cross-border disputes:
a. the number of disputes submitted and the types of complaints to which they relate;
b. Any systematic or significant, frequent and frequent problems that result in disputes between consumers and entrepreneurs;
c. the percentage of disputes that the authority has refused to deal with and the percentage share of the types of grounds for refusal, intended in Article 3 (2) ;
d. the percentage share of procedures which have been discontinued and, where known, the reasons for discontinuation;
e. the average time that the settlement of disputes has been seized;
f. to the extent known, the percentage of cases in which the results of the procedures have been complied with;
(g) whether, where applicable, there was cooperation within networks of bodies of out-of-court dispute resolution to facilitate the resolution of cross-border disputes.
The non-judicial dispute settlement body shall ensure in its Rules of Procedure that the out-of-court dispute settlement procedures are effective and comply with the following requirements:
a. the procedure is both electronically and not electronically available and easily accessible to both parties, regardless of where the parties are located;
b. the parties have access to the proceedings without being required to use a lawyer or legal adviser, but the proceedings do not deprive the parties of the right to provide independent advice at any stage of the proceedings. win or to be represented by a third party or be assisted by a third party;
c. the procedure is available free of charge for consumers, or at a small fee;
d. the body which has received a complaint shall inform the parties to the dispute as soon as it has received all the documents with the relevant information about the complaint;
e. the outcome of the procedure shall be made available within a period of 90 calendar days from the date on which the institution of out-of-court dispute resolution received the complete file of the complaint. In the case of highly complex disputes, the body responsible for the complaint may extend the period of 90 calendar days. The Parties shall be informed of any extension of that period and of the time deemed necessary for the termination of the dispute.
1 The body of out-of-court dispute resolution shall ensure in its procedural rules that, in the case of out-of-court dispute resolution procedures:
(a) Parties have the possibility, within a reasonable period of time, of making known their views known of all the arguments, supporting documents, documents and facts raised by the other party, as well as of the facts; positions, if any, taken by experts, and to respond to them;
The parties are informed that they are not required to make use of a lawyer or legal adviser but they can obtain independent advice at any stage of the proceedings or be allowed by a third party. to represent or to be assisted;
(c) the parties shall be informed in writing or on a durable medium of the outcome of the proceedings, as well as the reasons on which the outcome is based.
2 The body of out-of-court dispute resolution shall ensure in its procedural rules that, in proceedings aimed at resolving the dispute, the proposals of a solution shall:
(a) Parties shall be informed before the start of the procedure of their right to withdraw from the proceedings at any stage, if they are dissatisfied with the manner in which the procedure is proceeding or is being conducted. If the economic operator is obliged to take part in out-of-court dispute settlement procedures, this applies only to the consumer;
(b) Parties shall be informed, before they agree or act on the proposed solution, of the fact that:
they have the choice of whether or not to agree with or give effect to the proposed solution;
i. the participation in the procedure is without prejudice to the right to apply to the court;
r. the proposed solution may differ from a result determined by a court on the basis of legal rules;
(c) Parties shall be informed of their legal effects before they agree to or act on any proposed solution;
d. Parties, before agreeing to a proposed solution or amicable settlement, will be given sufficient time to consider the proposal.
1 An agreement concluded before the dispute between a consumer and an economic operator to submit disputes to a body of out-of-court dispute resolution cannot be relied upon by the consumer if that dispute is not to be found in the form of a dispute between the consumer and the consumer. (i) agreement has the effect of deprive the consumer of the right to refer the dispute to the courts for the settlement of the dispute. This paragraph cannot be derogated from to the detriment of the consumer.
2 A decision, given in an out-of-court dispute settlement procedure, may be binding only for parties if parties have been informed in advance about the binding nature of the decision and they expressly so has agreed.
1 In the case of out-of-court dispute settlement procedures designed to resolve the dispute by a solution to the consumer, the solution should not lead to the protection of the consumer from:
a. provisions which cannot be derogated from by contract in accordance with Netherlands law, where the consumer and the trader have their habitual residence or place of establishment in the Netherlands;
(b) the provisions of which, by contract, cannot be derogated from under the law of the Member State in which the consumer has his habitual residence, if it applies to the contract of sale or to the provision of services duty shall be determined in accordance with Article 6 (1) and (2) of Regulation (EC) No 148 593/2008;
(c) the mandatory provisions of the law of the Member State where the consumer has his habitual residence, where the law applicable to the sale contract or contract is determined in accordance with Article 5 (1) of the Agreement 1 to 3 of the Treaty of Rome of 19 June 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations.
2 In the case of out-of-court dispute settlement procedures which are covered by a determination as referred to in Article 7: 900 of the Civil Code is Article 7: 902 of the Civil Code Not applicable.
1 The limitation period of a legal claim shall be interrupted by the start of a procedure for out-of-court dispute resolution, the outcome of which is not binding.
(2) A new limitation period shall begin to run as referred to in paragraph 1 from the beginning of the day following that the procedure for the extrajudicial dispute settlement procedure is terminated by the end of the period of time when the procedure for settling claims has been completed. of the parties or the body to make out-of-court dispute resolution to the other party in writing that the procedure for out-of-court dispute resolution has ended or because of the out-of-court procedure dispute resolution for a period of six months by none of the parties have been engaged in any action. The new limitation period shall be equal to the original but not longer than three years. However, under no circumstances does the limitation period occur at an earlier date than the expiry of the original period of time without any indication.
1 An economic operator established in the Netherlands shall inform the consumer about the body of out-of-court dispute resolution under which he falls, if he undertakes or is obliged to make use of that authority. The information shall include the website address of the body concerned.
2 The information referred to in paragraph 1 shall be accessible on the website of the economic operator in a clear, comprehensible and easy manner, as far as it is available on a website and, where appropriate, in the general terms and conditions of between the economic operator and a consumer contract agreement or contract to provide services.
3 Where it has not been possible to dispute a dispute between a consumer and an economic operator established in the Netherlands following a complaint made directly by the consumer to the trader, the trader shall provide the person responsible for the complaint 1 should provide information to the consumer and indicate whether he will use the relevant non-judicial dispute settlement body for the settlement of the dispute. This information shall be provided on paper or on any other durable medium.
The European Consumer Centre shall assist consumers in obtaining access to non-judicial bodies in disputes arising out of crossborder purchase agreements or contracts to provide services. dispute resolution which is competent in any other Member State.
1 The bodies of out-of-court dispute resolution and the European Consumers ' Centre make up the provisions of Article 20 (4) of the Directive 2013/11 The list of bodies concerned shall be accessible to the public in the case of out-of-court dispute settlement bodies. This shall be done by means of a link on their website to the website of the European Commission, and as far as possible, on a durable medium in their rooms.
2 Our Minister for the benefit of the list, referred to in paragraph 1, shall also facilitate access to the public concerned by the relevant consumer and business organisations.
1 Our Minister for the Council shall promote cooperation between the authorities in the field of out-of-court dispute settlement and the national authorities responsible for the enforcement of Union legal acts in the field of consumer protection.
2 The cooperation referred to in paragraph 1 shall include, in particular, the exchange of information on practices in specific business sectors where complaints from consumers have been repeatedly received. It shall also include the provision by those national authorities to the bodies of out-of-court dispute settlement of technical evaluations and information when they are necessary for the handling of individual disputes. and they are already available.
3 This Article shall be without prejudice to provisions relating to professional and business secrecy applicable to national authorities responsible for the enforcement of Union legal acts in the field of consumer protection. For the purposes of out-of-court dispute settlement bodies, the rules governing professional secrecy or equivalent confidentiality shall apply in the same way as those applicable under national law.
1 Our Secretary of State may designate an authority as a body for out-of-court dispute resolution as referred to in this Law or to revoke a designation. Notice of a designation or revocation of a designation shall be communicated by the State Official Gazette.
2 Our Minister for it is Our Minister of Security and Justice, if the obligations under this Chapter relate to the Dispute Commissions and Consumer Affairs Foundation.
Our Minister, acting as a result of a designation or withdrawal of a designation as referred to in paragraph 1, shall forthwith inform Our Minister of Security and Justice.
4 Our Minister for Security and Justice shall inform the European Commission of the appointment of a body of out-of-court dispute resolution and of the revocation of a designation.
1 Bodies wishing to qualify as a body for out-of-court dispute resolution shall make an application to our Minister responsible for the provision of the following information, subject to the following information:
a. Their name, contact details and internet address;
b. information on their structure and financing, including information on the natural persons who are in charge of the out-of-court dispute settlement, on their remuneration, on their terms of office and on their employer;
(c) their procedural rules;
d. the fees due, if applicable;
e. the average length of the procedures for out-of-court dispute resolution;
f. the language or languages in which complaints can be made and the procedure can be conducted;
g. a statement concerning the types of disputes to which the procedure applies;
h. the grounds on which the body may refuse to engage in out-of-court dispute resolution in accordance with the provisions of Article 3 (2) ;
i. a reasoned statement or the body may be qualified as an out-of-court dispute settlement body within the meaning of this Act and whether it complies with the Chapter 2 quality requirements;
j. where applicable, documents that enable our Minister to assess whether the body complies with other requirements applicable to it under other national regulations.
2 Our Minister who assesses it on the basis of the information provided in paragraph 1 or a body is eligible for a designation as intended Article 16 (1) .
3 If the information referred to in paragraph 1 (a) to (h) undergoes changes, the bodies of out-of-court dispute resolution shall forthwith communicate those amendments to our Minister responsible for it. Our Minister for the Council agrees with our Minister for Security and Justice of the House.
4 If a body of out-of-court dispute resolution no longer meets the requirements under Chapter 2 or Article 17 (1) (j) The Minister, who shall give reasons for this authority and in writing shall, within a period of three months, be responsible for meeting those requirements. If the authority fails to fail after three months, our Minister shall withdraw the designation in whole or in part.
5 If a body of out-of-court dispute resolution no longer meets the requirements under Article 9 (7) and Article 10 of Regulation (EU) No 524/2013, asks our Minister to give reasons for this body and in writing to meet these requirements within three months. If the authority fails to fail after three months, our Minister shall withdraw the designation in whole or in part.
For the purposes of out-of-court dispute settlement bodies, the Minister shall provide the following information for at least every two years, as follows:
a. the number of disputes submitted and the type of complaints to which they relate;
b. the percentage share of procedures which have been discontinued without a result;
c. the average time necessary for the settlement of the disputes submitted;
(d) where known, the percentage of cases in which the results of the procedures have been complied with;
e. Any systematic or significant, common problems that result in disputes between consumers and entrepreneurs;
f. where appropriate, an assessment of the effectiveness of their cooperation within networks of bodies of out-of-court dispute resolution to facilitate the resolution of cross-border disputes;
g. where applicable, the training provided in accordance with Article 5 (6) is provided to natural persons in charge of dispute settlement;
h. an evaluation of the effectiveness of the procedure offered by the body and of the possible ways of improving its performance.
1 Our Minister of Security and Justice sets up a list of the Article 16 (1) designated bodies for out-of-court dispute resolution. The list shall contain the following information:
a. The name, contact details and internet addresses of the relevant authorities;
b. the fees due, if applicable;
c. the language (s) in which complaints can be made and the procedure can be conducted;
d. the types of disputes to which the procedure applies;
e. Sectors and types of disputes covered by each body;
f. if applicable, the need for the parties or their representatives to be physically present, including a statement from the body to out-of-court dispute resolution on whether the procedure is an oral or written procedure procedure is, or may be, procedure;
g. the binding nature or non-binding nature of the outcome of the procedure; and
h. the grounds on which the authority may refuse to take a given dispute in accordance with Article 3 (2) .
2 Our Minister for Security and Justice shall communicate the list referred to in paragraph 1 and amendments thereto on the basis of: Article 17 (3) to the European Commission.
1 Our Minister for Security and Justice, makes the list, referred to in Article 20 (4) of the Directive 2013/11 /EU on its website to the public available by means of a link to the website of the European Commission. In addition, our Minister makes this list available on a durable medium available to the public.
2 Our Secretary of State makes it, by 9 July 2018 and every four years thereafter, a report on the development and functioning of the agencies to the out-of-court dispute resolution and sends it to our Minister for the Security and justice. Our Minister for Security and Justice makes this report known and articleates it to the European Commission. In particular, the report shall:
a. indicates the best practices of the relevant authorities;
(b) where applicable and supported by statistical information, identified the deficiencies which are an obstacle to the functioning of the bodies, both domestic and cross-border disputes;
(c) make recommendations, where appropriate, to improve the effective and efficient functioning of the authorities.
Chapter 2 of this Act shall apply to out-of-court dispute settlement procedures which have been brought before an instance to out-of-court dispute settlement proceedings on or after the date of entry into force of this Act.
This Act shall enter into force on 9 July 2015. If the Official Gazette is issued later than 8 July 2015, it shall enter into force on the day following the date of issuance of the Official Gazette in which it is placed.
This law is cited as: Implementation law out-of-court dispute settlement consumers.
Burdens and orders that it will be placed in the Official Gazette and that all ministries, authorities, colleges and public servants who so far as to do so will keep their hands on the precise execution.
Entry
Wassenaar, 16 April 2015
William-Alexander
The Minister for Security and Justice,
G.A. van der Steur
Issued the thirtieth of April 2015The Minister for Security and Justice,
G.A. van der Steur
