e Treaty on Principles of Governing the Activities of States in The Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 1967, abbreviated the Outer Space Treaty, 1967 and subsequently called the Space Treaty, 1967, which is the parent of the international setting of torture. The Space Treaty, 1967 came into force as an international law since 10 October 1967.
.,, Indonesia had signed the agreement on 27 January 1967 in London, Moscow and Washington. As an active country, Indonesia has authorized three (three) international agreements in the field of torture: (i) Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of the Persecution of Astronauts Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1968 (Rescue Agreement, 1968), through Presidential Decree Number 4 of 1999, dated January 8, 1999 (ii) Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 1972 (Liability Convention, 1972), through Presidential Decree Number 20 of 1996, date 27 Pebruary 1996, and (iii) Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1975 (Registration Convetion, 1975), through Presidential Decree Number 5 of 1997, dated March 12, 1997.
., 1. The Background and Purpose of the Creation of the Space Treaty, in the process of drafting the Space Treaty, 1967, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) has agreed on several important resolutions, among others: Resolve. United Nations Number 1884 (XVIII), 17 October 1963, on the Problem of General and Complete Disarmament (Question of General and Complete Disarmament) and Resolution No. 1962 (XVIII), 13 December 1963 on the Principles of the Law of Law which Set the Activities of the States in Exoration and the Use of Space (Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space).
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.,, countries like the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and Belgium propose concepts of principles on the activities of countries in exploration and the use of space including other celestial objects in space.
.,, these concepts are essentially guideline on the substance contained in some United Nations resolutions in the field of torture that has been accepted as such above.
., the Purpose of the Space Treaty, 1967 is to (i) drive the advancement of exploration and space exploration activities for the purpose of peace, (ii) increasing the exploration and use of space for the benefit of all nationalities without a single one. Looking at the level of economic and scientific development, (iii) expanding international cooperation, both in the fields of science and technology and legal aspects, especially in relation to exploration and use of space. To the point of peace.
., 2. Indonesia Benefits Ratification Of The Space Treaty, 1967 The benefits of passage of the Space Treaty, 1967 include among others:
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., a., a. Laying the foundation and international legal resources that are applicable as binding national laws, especially in the framework of international space utilization and assistance activities;
., b. Provide support for the framework and system of the national space law and to maintain the status and position of the international treaty of torture which Indonesia has passed;
., c. Establish a legal basis for the drafting of laws that will regulate the various aspects of torture activities in Indonesia;
., d. Establish a steady foundation and base for Indonesia's attitude and position in the formation of other international agreements in the field of torture and the participation of the Republic of Indonesia in various international agreements;
., e. Establish support for Indonesia's interests in the development of the torture industry, whether developed by both the government and the national private sector;
., f. Create a climate that is more conducive to the development and use of space in particular involving private parties in the form, shape, and nature of diverse;
., g. It provides a stronger foundation in driving technology efforts through cooperation in the field of torture, both bilaterally and multilateral.
., 3. The Space Treaty, 1967 Space Treaty, 1967 consists of the Opening and 17 chapters that contain the underlying principles related to the rights, obligations, and restrictions for the countries in carrying out exploratory activities and the use of space, including the moon and other celestial objects, namely:
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., a., a. Freedom of Exploration and Space Safety All countries are free to undertake exploration and use of space without discrimination based on principles of equality and in accordance with international law. Free countries do access to celestial objects.
., b. The status of the Space Law as a humanitarian region (the province of all mankind), space is not subject to national ownership, either on the basis of claims of sovereignty, use, occupation, or in other ways.
., c. The enactment of the International Law and the Charter of the United Nations on the Space of exploration and the use of space including the moon and other celestial bodies is subject to the provisions of international law, including the Charter. The United Nations is to maintain international peace and security and to advance international cooperation and understanding.
D. Space Utilization for the Interests of All Countries and Peaceful Means.
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.,, the exploration and use of space should be exercised in the interests of benefits and interests of all countries regardless of the economic level or the development of science and technology for the purpose of the means. Peace.
., in order to guarantee the use of space for peaceful means, each state is prohibited from launching objects carrying nuclear weapons or other mass-destructive weapons, building such weaponry in orbit around the Earth and beyond. the celestial bodies, or place them in space.
., the states were also forbidden to build military bases, installations and fortifications, as well as experiments of all weapons and military maneuvers on celestial objects. In addition, the asas condemned the propaganda act intended for or thought to be able to stimulate or encourage the threat or disruption to the peace or act of aggression.
.,, however, the use of military equipment and personnel for the purposes of peace is not prohibited.
., e. The protection of the cosmonaut is an ambassador of humanity. If astronauts experience accidents, difficulties, or emergency landing in other regions of the country or in the free sea, then the country must provide the necessary assistance and return the cosmonaut including the space object to the country.
., f. International responsibility for the State of thin the mutineers of aerospace, the Indonesians have developed the National Aerospace conception as a way of view that the land region, the waters, and the dirgantara is one whole, and intended to manifest. The welfare and security of the people of Indonesia, as well as for happiness and peace for all of humanity. In addition, in the Conception the Indonesians also view that the dirgantara is an integral part and becomes the third dimension of the region of his life, which is the air space as a region of sovereignty and space as a region. National interest.
.,, in relation to that view above, then space, as a region of national importance, is seen as a chamber of motion, media, and resources that must be daysated and conserved to achieve national goals as mandated in The opening of the 1945 Constitution.
.,, in order to the arrangement of the utilization and atonement of the space, which is th e Nation carries international responsibility for its national space activities, both government agencies and non-government agencies, and guarantees its national activities. exercised in accordance with the provisions set forth in the Space Treaty, 1967. Non-governmental organizations (private) who are about to carry out space activities must obtain continuous authorization and supervision by the country in question.
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.,, the State of the launcher is responsible for the losses arising from the activities of their intercultural objects made by the state, the legal entity, its citizens and the international organizations in which the country is participating.
., g. The jurisdiction and supervision of each Party State that owns and lists the space objects remains in possession of jurisdiction and authority to supervise the space object and its personnel. The possession of a space object or its component parts is not affected by its existence in space or in celestial bodies or at the time of the space object returning to Earth.
., h. The Protection and Preservation of the Environment of each Party State that carries out space activities must prevent the imminent danger of contamination and change that may damage the environment, including the Earth's environment. If a state finds out that the activities or experiments it does or its citizens will harm or interfere with the activities of other countries, then the country that carries out such activities must conduct international consultations.
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.,, the State of the Party has the opportunity to participate in overseeing any activity of a country that is thought to pose a threat to exploration and space use activities for peaceful purposes.
., i. International cooperation in carrying out exploration and use of space, the State of the Party must be guidelines on the principles of cooperation and mutual aid, and must pay attention to similar interests of the other State of the Parties.
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., for which the State of the Party must provide ease, encourage and enhance international cooperation and mutual understanding. In addition, in order to enhance such international cooperation, the State of the Party must consider the right of access from other State of the State based on the principle of equality and reciprocity.
.,, the State of the Party that conducts activities in space including the moon and other celestial bodies agreed to inform the Secretary General of the United Nations, the general public and the scientific circles, as far as it is possible and can be performed, about the nature, behavior, location and results of such activities.
.,, the Secretary General of the United Nations, upon receiving such notice, must immediately disseminate it in the most effective ways.
., 4. National Legislation Relating to the Space Treaty, 1967.
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.,, the Space Treaty, 1967 in line with other related national laws:
., a., a. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia No. 24 of 1992 on the Penarrangement of Space (State Sheet of 1992 Number 115, Extra State Sheet Number 3501).
., b. Constitution of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) State Sheet Number 3557).
., c. The Republic of Indonesia Act No. 23 of 1997 on the Environmental Management of the Living Environment (State Gazette 1997 Number 68, Additional Gazette Number 3699).
., d. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia No. 36 of 1999 on Telecommunications (State Gazette 1999 number 154, Additional Gazette Number 3881).
., e. The Republic of Indonesia Law No. 3 of 2002 on the Defense of the State of Indonesia (State Sheet 2002 Number 3, Additional Gazette number 4169).
II. SECTION BY SECTION
Section 1
., authorized by this Act is the Treaty on Principles of Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 1967 (The Treaty on the Governing Principles Activities of States in Exploration and Use of Space, Including the Moon and Other Sky Objects, 1967).
For the sake of their society, a copy of the original manuscript and its light in English, translated into English, and in the case of any difference in the understanding of the English translation, then it is used by a copy of the copy of the text. The original manuscript is in English.
Section 2
.,, pretty clear.
