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1665 OF 2013
(July 16)
Official Journal No. 48,853 of 16 July 2013
CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC
By means of which the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)" is approved, done in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009.
THE CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC
Having regard to the text of the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)", done in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009.
(To be transcribed: photocopy of the authentic text of the aforementioned Agreement, certified by the Coordinator of the Internal Working Group of Treaties of the International Legal Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Relations Exteriors, a document that is based on the files of that Ministry.
BILL NUMBER 36 OF 2012 SENATE
by means of which the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)" is approved, done in Bonn, Germany, on January 26, 2009.
The Congress of the Republic
Having regard to the text of the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)", made in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009, which reads:
(To be transcribed: photocopy of the authentic text of the aforementioned Agreement, certified by the Coordinator of the Internal Working Group of Treaties of the International Legal Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Relations Exteriors, a document that is based on the files of that Ministry.
STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA)
The Parties to this Statute,
eager to promote the widespread and strengthened deployment and use of renewable energy in order to achieve sustainable development,
inspired by their strong belief that renewable energy offers incalculable opportunities to gradually address and mitigate problems arising from energy security and energy price instability,
convinced of the crucial role that renewables can play in reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which would contribute to the stabilization of climate systems, and in the transition sustainable, safe and unstartled towards a low carbon economy,
eager to drive the positive effect that renewable energy technologies can produce to stimulate sustainable economic growth and job creation,
moved by the huge potential that renewable energy offers for decentralized access to energy, especially in developing countries, and for access to energy in isolated and remote regions and islands,
worried about the serious negative consequences that the use of fossil fuels and the inefficient use of traditional biomass can lead to health,
convinced that renewable energy, combined with greater energy efficiency, can increasingly absorb the large global increase in energy needs expected in the coming decades,
reaffirming its desire to establish an international organization for renewable energy that facilitates cooperation among its Members and also opens the way to close collaboration with existing organizations that promote the use of renewable energy. renewable energy,
have agreed to the following:
ARTICLE I. CONSTITUTION OF THE AGENCY.
A. The Parties to this Statute constitute, by this instrument, the International Renewable Energy Agency (hereinafter referred to as "the Agency"), in accordance with the following provisions.
B. The Agency is based on the principle of equality of all its Members and, in the development of its activities, shall duly observe the sovereign rights and competences of its Members.
The Agency will promote the widespread and strengthened implementation and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, taking into account:
(a) national and internal priorities and the benefits derived from a combined approach to renewable energy and energy efficiency measures, and
b) the contribution of renewable energy to environmental conservation by mitigating the pressure exerted on natural resources and reducing deforestation, especially in tropical regions, desertification and loss of biodiversity; climate protection; economic growth and social cohesion, including poverty alleviation and sustainable development; access to energy supply and security; regional development and accountability intergenerational.
In this Statute, "renewable energy" means all forms of energy produced from renewable sources and in a sustainable manner, including, inter alia:
1. bioenergy;
2. geothermal energy;
3. hydraulic power;
4. marine energy, including energy from tidal and wave energy and ocean thermal energy;
5. solar energy; and
6. wind energy,
A. As a centre of excellence in the field of renewable energy technology and as a facilitator and catalyst dedicated to providing expertise on practical and policy applications, support in any energy issues The Agency shall carry out the following activities and offer assistance to countries to benefit from the efficient development and transfer of knowledge and technology:
1. In particular, for the benefit of its Members, the Agency shall:
a) will analyze, monitor and, without establishing obligations for the policies of its Members, systematize current practices in the field of renewable energy, among them the political instruments, incentives, investment mechanisms, practices recommendations, available technologies, integrated systems and equipment, and success and failure factors;
b) initiate discussions and channel interaction with other public and non-governmental organisations and networks in this and other relevant areas;
c) will provide its Members, if they so request, with policy advice and support services, taking into account their respective needs, and foster international debate on energy use policies. renewable and its general conditions;
d) improve the relevant knowledge and technology transfer mechanisms and foster the development of local skills and competences in the Member States, including the necessary interconnections;
e) will support its Members in capacity building, among other things through training and training;
(f) shall provide its Members, if they so request, with advice on the financing of renewable energy sources and support the implementation of the corresponding mechanisms;
g) will encourage and encourage research, including research on socio-economic issues, and boost research networks, joint research and the development and deployment of technologies; and
h) shall provide information on the development and application of national and international technical standards for renewable energy, on the basis of sound criteria and through an active presence in the relevant fora.
2. The Agency will also disseminate information and encourage public awareness of the benefits and potential of renewable energy.
B. In the performance of its activities, the Agency
1. act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations to promote international peace and cooperation and in line with the policies of the United Nations to promote sustainable development;
2. allocate their resources in such a way as to ensure their efficient use in order to meet all their objectives adequately and to carry out their activities in such a way as to obtain the greatest possible benefits for their Members and throughout the world, taking into account the special needs of developing countries and isolated and remote regions and islands;
3. cooperate closely and endeavour to establish mutually beneficial relations with existing institutions and organisations in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of work and to take advantage of ongoing resources and activities; and to make effective and efficient use of them by governments and other organisations and agencies with a view to promoting renewable energy.
C. The Agency
1. present to its Members an annual report on their activities;
2. inform Members about their policy advice once it has been provided; and
3. inform the Members about the consultations and cooperation with the international organisations active in this field, as well as the work of them,
ARTICLE V. WORK PROGRAM AND PROJECTS.
A. The Agency shall carry out its activities on the basis of its annual work programme, which shall be prepared by the Secretariat, shall be reported by the Council and approved by the Assembly.
B. In addition to its work programme, and after consultation with its Members and, in the event of disagreement, following approval by the Assembly, the Agency may carry out projects initiated and financed by its Members, provided that it exists availability of non-economic resources of the Agency.
ARTICLE VI. MEMBERS OF THE AGENCY.
A. The revenue shall be open to all the Member States of the United Nations and to the regional intergovernmental organizations for economic integration in order to act in accordance with the objectives and activities envisaged in the This Statute. To be part of the Agency, such regional intergovernmental economic integration organisations shall be composed of sovereign States, one of which shall at least be a Member of the Agency, and its Member States shall have transferred powers to them in at least one of the areas covered by the Agency's scope of action.
B. Those States and regional intergovernmental economic integration organizations shall have the consideration of
1. Members originating in the Agency by signing the Statute and the deposit of the instrument of ratification;
2. Other Members of the Agency through the deposit of the instrument of accession, after the approval of their application for membership. The revenue shall be deemed to have been approved if, after three months from the referral of the application to the Members, none of them has expressed disagreement. In the event of disconformity, the Assembly shall resolve in accordance with paragraph H. 1 of Article IX.
C. In the case of a regional intergovernmental economic integration organisation, the latter and its Member States shall decide on their respective responsibilities in respect of the fulfilment of the obligations imposed on them by this Statute. The organisation and its Member States may not exercise concurrently the rights conferred by this Statute, including voting rights. In their instruments of ratification or accession, those organisations shall declare the extent of their competence in respect of matters covered by this Statute. The organisations shall also inform the Depositary Government of any relevant changes in the scope of their competence. When voting on matters falling within its competence, regional intergovernmental organizations for economic integration shall enjoy a number of votes equal to that of the total number of votes corresponding to their Member States. Members of the Agency.
A. The Assembly may confer the status of observers to:
1. intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations active in the field of renewable energy;
2. signatories who have not ratified the Statute; and
3. candidates whose application for membership has been approved in accordance with Section B. 2 of Article VI.
B. Observers may participate, without the right to vote, in the public sessions of the Assembly and its subsidiary bodies.
A. By this Statute, they are established as the main bodies of the Agency.
1. the Assembly;
2. the Council; and
3. the Secretariat.
B. The Assembly and, subject to authorization by the Assembly, the Council may establish the subsidiary bodies which they consider necessary for the performance of their duties in accordance with this Statute.
A. 1. The Assembly is the supreme body of the Agency.
2. The Assembly may discuss any matters falling within the scope of this Statute or concerning the powers and functions of any body provided for therein.
3. With regard to these matters, the Assembly may:
a) adopt decisions and direct recommendations to such bodies; and
b) to direct recommendations to the Members of the Agency, if they so request.
4. In addition, the Assembly shall be competent to propose to the Council questions for consideration and to obtain from the Council and the Secretariat reports on any matter concerning the functioning of the Agency.
B. The Assembly shall be composed of all the Members of the Agency. It shall meet in regular sessions, which shall be held on an annual basis, unless it decides otherwise.
C. The Assembly shall include a representative of each Member. Representatives may be accompanied by alternates and advisers. The costs arising from the participation of each delegation shall be borne by the respective Member.
D. The sessions of the Assembly shall be held at the seat of the Agency, unless the Assembly decides otherwise.
E. At the beginning of each regular session, the Assembly shall elect a President and the other positions deemed necessary, having a fair geographical representation. Its mandate will be extended until the election of a new President and the other posts at the next regular session. The Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure in accordance with this Statute.
F. Subject to the provisions of Article VIC), each Member of the Agency shall have one vote in the Assembly. The Assembly shall take decisions on procedural matters by a simple majority of the Members present exercising their right to vote. Decisions on substantive issues shall be taken by consensus of the Members present. If a consensus cannot be reached, it shall be presumed to exist if no more than two Members raise an objection, unless the Statute provides otherwise. If there is disagreement on whether a question is substantive, it will be considered substantive unless the Assembly, by consensus of the Members present, decides otherwise; if a consensus is not reached, it will be deemed to exist. consensus if no more than two Members raise an objection. A quorum shall be deemed to be present if the Assembly is attended by a majority of the Members of the Agency.
G. By consensus of the Members present, the Assembly
1. elect the Members of the Council;
2. adopt, in its regular meetings, the budget and the work programme of the Agency, which the Council has presented to it, and may make changes to the budget and the work
;3. adopt decisions concerning the supervision of the Agency's financial policies, the financial regulation and other financial matters, and shall elect the Auditor;
4. approve the amendments to the Staff Regulations;
5. decide on the establishment of subsidiary bodies and approve their powers; and
6. resolve the voting authorization referred to in Article XVII.
H. The Assembly, by consensus of the Members present, which, if not reached, shall be presumed to exist if no more than two Members present an objection;
1. shall, where appropriate, decide on applications for admission;
2. adopt its rules of procedure and the Council Regulation, which it has submitted to it;
3. approve the annual memory, as well as other reports;
4. authorise the conclusion of agreements on any matter, subject or matter falling within the scope of this Statute;
5. resolve in the event of disagreement among its Members on additional projects under the provisions of Article V (B.
I. The Assembly shall appoint the seat of the Agency and appoint the Director-General of the Secretariat (hereinafter referred to as 'the Director-General') by consensus of the Members present or, if such consensus cannot be reached, by a two-thirds majority of the Members present. Members present exercising their right to vote.
J. At its first meeting, the Assembly shall discuss and, where appropriate, approve the decisions, draft agreements, provisions and guidelines drawn up by the Preparatory Commission, in accordance with the voting procedures laid down for the matter. respective in paragraphs F to I of Article IX.
A. The Council shall consist of no less than 11 and no more than 21 representatives of the members of the Agency elected by the Assembly. The exact number of representatives between 11 and 21 shall be the equivalent of one third of the members of the Agency, rounded up to be calculated from the number of the Agency's Members at the beginning of the respective election of the Agency. members of the Council. The members of the Council shall be elected on a rotating basis, as provided for in the Rules of Procedure, in order to ensure the effective participation of the developed and developing countries and to achieve fair and equitable geographical distribution. and an effective performance by the Council. The members of the Council shall be elected for a period of two years.
B. The Council shall be convened every six months and its meetings shall take place at the Agency's headquarters, unless the Council decides otherwise.
C. At the beginning of each meeting, the Council shall elect among its members a President and the other positions deemed necessary, the mandate of which shall be extended until the next meeting. The Council shall have the right to draw up its rules of procedure. This Regulation shall be submitted for approval by the Assembly.
D. Each member of the Council shall have one vote. The Council shall decide on the procedure by a simple majority of its members. Decisions on substantive matters shall be taken by a two-thirds majority of its members. There is disagreement as to whether a question is substantive, it will be considered substantive unless the Council decides otherwise by a two-thirds majority of its members.
E. The Council will respond and report to the Assembly. The Council shall carry out the tasks and duties incumbent upon it by virtue of this Statute and the tasks delegated to it by the Assembly. In its performance, it shall act in accordance with the decisions of the Assembly and shall take due account of its recommendations and shall ensure an appropriate and permanent implementation thereof.
F. The Council:
1. facilitate consultation and cooperation among Members;
2. discuss and forward to the Assembly the draft work programme and the draft budget of the Agency;
3. approve the preparations for the sessions of the Assembly, including the preparation of the draft agenda;
4. discuss and forward to the Assembly the annual report on the Agency's activity and the other reports prepared by the Secretariat in accordance with Article XI the present Article. Status;
5. prepare any other reports requested by the Assembly;
6. conclude agreements or arrangements with States, international organisations and international bodies on behalf of the Agency, with the prior approval of the Agency;
7. specify the work programme approved by the Assembly with a view to its implementation by the Secretariat, within the limits of the approved budget;
8. be empowered to refer questions to the Assembly for consideration; and
9. establish, where appropriate, subsidiary bodies in accordance with Article VIII B) and decide on their privileges and duration.
A. The Secretariat shall assist the Assembly, the Council and its subsidiary bodies in the performance of their duties. It shall carry out the other tasks entrusted to it by this Statute and shall be delegated to it by the Assembly or the Council.
B. The Secretariat shall consist of a Director-General, who shall be its governing body and administrative director, and any staff required. The Director-General shall be appointed by the Assembly, on a recommendation from the Council, for a term of four years, renewable only once for the same duration.
C. The Director-General shall respond to the Assembly and the Council, inter alia, to the appointment of staff, as well as to the organisation and functioning of the Secretariat. The main consideration for the recruitment of staff and the definition of their employment conditions will be the need to ensure the highest level of efficiency, competence and integrity. Due attention will be paid to the importance of recruiting staff primarily among the Member States and with the widest possible geographical diversity, taking particular account of the appropriate representation of developing countries. and with due emphasis on gender balance.
In the preparation of the budget, the procurement proposals shall be governed by the principle that the template shall be kept to the minimum necessary for the proper performance of the Secretariat's functions.
D. The Director-General, or the representative appointed by him, shall participate without the right to vote at all meetings of the Assembly and the Council.
E. The Secretariat:
1. prepare and submit to the Council the draft work programme and the draft budget of the Agency;
2. carry out the work programme of the Agency and its decisions;
3. prepare and submit to the Council the draft annual report on the activities of the Agency and other reports to be requested by the Assembly and the Council;
4. provide administrative and technical assistance to the Assembly, the Council and its subsidiary bodies;
5. facilitate communication between the Agency and its Members; and
6. shall report on its policy advice once it has provided it to the Members of the Agency under Article IV (2 and prepare and forward it to the Assembly and the Council, for each of its sessions, a report on such policy advice. The report to the Council shall also include policy advice for the implementation of the annual work programme.
F. In the performance of their duties, the Director-General and other staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or any other entity outside the Agency. They shall refrain from any action which may affect their role as international officials responsible only to the Assembly and the Council. All members shall respect the exclusively international character of the duties of the Director-General and other staff members and shall not seek to influence them in the performance of their duties.
A. The budget of the Agency shall be financed from:
1. the mandatory contributions of its Members, which shall be based on the scale of calculation of the United Nations, as the Assembly resolves;
2. voluntary contributions; and
3. other possible sources,
In accordance with the Financial Regulation that the Assembly approves by consensus, as provided for in Article IX G) of this Statute. The financial regulation and the budget shall ensure a sound basis for financing the Agency, as well as an effective and efficient implementation of the Agency's activities, as defined in its work programme. The mandatory contributions will finance the main activities and the administrative costs.
B. The Secretariat shall prepare the draft budget of the Agency and submit it to the Council for examination. The Council shall forward it to the Assembly, recommending its approval, or return it to the Secretariat, which shall review it and submit it for review.
C. The Assembly shall appoint an external auditor whose term of office shall be four years and may be re-elected. The first person appointed will serve this position for two years. The auditor shall examine the accounts of the Agency and make any comments and recommendations it deems necessary with regard to the efficiency of internal financial management and controls.
ARTICLE XIII. LEGAL PERSONALITY, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES.
A. The Agency shall enjoy international legal personality. Within the territory of the Members, and subject to its national law, it shall enjoy the internal legal capacity necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes.
B. Members shall regulate privileges and immunities in an independent agreement.
ARTICLE XIV. RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS.
If approved by the Assembly, the Council shall be authorized to conclude agreements on behalf of the Agency establishing appropriate relations with the United Nations and other organizations whose work is related to that of the Agency. The provisions of this Statute shall be without prejudice to the rights and obligations of any member of international treaties in force.
ARTICLE XV. MODIFICATIONS AND WITHDRAWAL, REVISION.
A. Any Member may propose amendments to this Statute. The Director-General shall prepare certified copies of the text of any proposed amendments and shall communicate it to all Members at least 90 days before their examination by the Assembly.
B. The modifications will take effect for all Members:
1. Once approved by the Assembly, following examination of the observations made by the Council in relation to each proposed amendment; and
2. where all Members have consented to be bound by the amendment in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures. Members shall express their consent through the deposit of the corresponding instrument with the depositary referred to in Article XXA).
C. At any time, five years after the date of entry into force of this Statute, in accordance with Article XIXD), any Member may withdraw from the Agency by means of a written notification to the depositary government referred to in Article XXA), which shall inform the Council and all other Members without delay.
D. The withdrawal shall take effect at the end of the year in which it was declared. The withdrawal of a Member of the Agency shall not affect its contractual obligations under Article V B) or its financial obligations for the financial year in which it is withdrawn.
ARTICLE XVI. DISPUTE RESOLUTION.
A. Members shall, by peaceful means, resolve any dispute between them concerning the interpretation or application of this Statute in accordance with Article 2 (3) of the Charter of the United Nations and, for that purpose, shall endeavour to ensure that to resolve it by means of the means referred to in Article 33 (I) of the Charter of the United Nations.
B. The Council may contribute to the resolution of a dispute by any means it deems appropriate, inter alia by offering its good offices, by urging the conflicting Members to initiate the procedure for the resolution of their (i) choosing and recommending a period for the development of the agreed procedure.
ARTICLE XVII. TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF RIGHTS.
A. Members of the Agency in arrears in the payment of their financial contributions to the Agency shall lose their voting rights if the debt is equal to or exceeds the amount of their contributions from the preceding two years. However, the Assembly may allow those Members to exercise their right to vote if they are convinced that the default is due to circumstances beyond their control.
B. By a majority of two-thirds of the Members present and voting and on the recommendation of the Council, the Assembly may suspend the exercise of its privileges and membership rights to a Member who has persistently infringed the provisions of the of this Statute or of any agreement it has adopted in accordance with that Statute.
ARTICLE XVIII. AGENCY HEADQUARTERS.
The Assembly shall decide the seat of the Agency in its first session.
ARTICLE XIX. SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, ENTRY INTO FORCE AND ACCESSION.
A. At the Conference of the Constitution, this Statute shall be open to the signature of all the Member States of the United Nations and regional intergovernmental organizations of economic integration in accordance with Article VI. It will remain open for signature until the date of its entry into force.
B. This Statute shall be open to the accession of States and regional intergovernmental economic integration organisations in accordance with Article V that have not been signed by the Statute. their entry has been approved by the Assembly in accordance with the provisions of Section B. 2 of Article VI.
C. The consent to be bound by this Statute shall be expressed by the deposit of the instrument of ratification or accession with the depositary.
States shall ratify this Statute or accede to it in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures.
D. This Statute shall enter into force on the 30th day following the date of deposit of the twenty-fifth instrument of ratification.
E. With regard to those States or regional intergovernmental organizations of economic integration that have deposited an instrument of ratification or accession after their entry into force, this Statute shall enter into force on the 30th the day following the date of deposit of the corresponding instrument.
F. No reservations may be made to any of the provisions contained in this Statute.
ARTICLE XX. DEPOSITARY, RECORD, AUTHENTIC TEXT.
A. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is hereby appointed as a depositary of this Statute and of all instruments of ratification and accession.
B. The depositary government shall register this Statute in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United
,C. This Statute, made in English, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Government.
D. The depositary government shall transmit duly certified copies of this Statute to the governments of the States already the executive bodies of the regional economic integration intergovernmental organizations which have signed or whose entry has been approved in accordance with Section B. 2 of Article VI.
E. The depositary government shall communicate without delay to the signatories of this Statute the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification and the date of entry into force of the Statute.
F. The depositary government shall communicate without delay to all signatories and Members the dates on which other States or regional intergovernmental economic integration organisations subsequently acquire the status of Members.
G. The depositary government shall send the new applications for entry without delay to all Members of the Agency for consideration in accordance with the provisions of Article VI (B. 2.
IN TESTIMONY OF WHICH, the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Statute.
FACT in Bonn, on 26 January 2009, in a single original, in the English language.
Declaration of the Conference on the authentic texts of the Statute
Meeting in Bonn on 26 January 2009, the representatives of the States invited to the Constitution Conference of the International Renewable Energy Agency have adopted the following declaration, which forms an integral part of the Status:
At the request of the respective signatories, authentic texts of the Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency, signed on 26 January 2009 in Bonn, including this declaration, shall be established in other official languages. of the United Nations other than English, as well as in the language of the depositary.(1) (2)
THE UNDERSIGNED TREATY COORDINATOR OF THE DIRECTORATE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AFFAIRS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA
CERTIFIES:
That the reproduction of the text above is a faithful and complete photocopy of the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)", made in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009, a document which is based in the files of the Internal Working Group of the Treaties of the Directorate of International Legal Affairs of this Ministry.
Dada in Bogotá, D. C., at four (4) days of the month of August of two thousand eleven (2011).
The Coordinator of the Internal Treaty Working Group. Directorate for International Legal Affairs,
ALEJANDRA VALENCIA GARTNER.
EXPLANATORY STATEMENT
Honorable Senators and Representatives:
On behalf of the National Government and in compliance with the provisions of Articles 150 numeral 16, 189 numeral 2 and 224 of the Constitution Politics of Colombia, we present to the honorable Congress of the Republic the bill through which the "Statute of the International Agency of Renewable Energy (Irena)"approved, made in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009.
I. PREVIOUS CONSIDERATIONS
The use of renewable energy is an alternative to the use of fossil fuels, which are limited, will be exhausted over time and cannot meet the total demand for this resource. These types of fossil fuels need thousands of years to generate and produce greenhouse gases, pollution and CO2 emissions, which cause drilling in the ozone layer.
Renewables can stimulate sustainable economic growth, as well as provide opportunities to gradually address and mitigate problems arising from energy security. This type of energy reduces, in turn, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a situation that would contribute to the stabilization of climate systems.
Traditional energies, also known as fossil fuels, run out over time. For this reason, many states are looking for alternative solutions such as sun, wind or water, among others; in the specific case of Colombia, electricity is generated through hydroelectricity thanks to the large number of sources of water that you are aware of. In addition, energy is generated by means of gas, coal and petroleum. Those resources, however, are running out at an increasingly dizzying pace, so it's necessary to focus the look at other renewable energy sources.
The National Government has been investing in the development and implementation of cleaner production alternatives and in research on renewable resources in recent years, with a view to contributing to a cleaner environment and help solve the problem of the global energy crisis.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the current world depends on 80% of the oil and to the extent that the countries are industrializing, the consumption of energy increases every day at greater speed. For its part, the National Energy Mining Planning Unit (UPME), states that renewable energy currently covers about 20% of global electricity consumption.11
Promoting the use of these energies is not only taking on a greater role globally but also a commitment by states that have sufficient resources to be taken advantage of in the future.
II. BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA)
The International Renewable Energy Agency (hereinafter the "IRENA") was officially established in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009. At the founding conference, 75 states signed the Statute of the body. The foundation of IRENA, however, was preceded by several meetings that were to seal the way for the establishment of the Agency.
The first of these meetings was the IRENA Preparatory Conference, which took place in Berlin from 10 to 11 April 2008. At this conference, representatives from 60 countries expressed their general support for the foundation of an International Renewable Energy Agency and discussed future objectives, activities, organizational structure, and financing of the Agency.
On 23 and 24 October 2008, the IRENA Preparatory Conference was held in Madrid. In that meeting more than 150 representatives from 51 countries were and reached an agreement on the IRENA Statute. On the other hand, important issues, such as financing, criteria and selection procedures of the Interim Director General and the provisional seat, as well as the design of the initial phase of the IRENA, were resolved.
During the recent Inaugural Session of the IRENA Assembly, held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, headquarters of the Agency, between 4 and 5 April 2011, the Agency officially started its work. During the same period, the first Director General (Adnan Z. Amin, a citizen of Kenya) was appointed; the first work programme was approved and an initial budget of $25 million was consolidated, which, it is estimated, will allow him to execute their mission.
To date, IRENA has about 149 Signatory Parties and 50 ratifications. It is important to note that most member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have already ratified the Statute, including the United States. This allows for the provision of support from the most developed countries for the promotion of the Agency's activities.
III. STRUCTURE AND SCOPE OF THE STATUS OF THE IRENA
The "International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute" consists of a preamble and twenty (20) articles.
In the Preamble, the importance of renewable energy and the need for promotion in the implementation of the use of renewable energy to achieve sustainable development, in order to offer decentralized access to energy in countries in the world, is stated. development and access to energy in remote regions where it is necessary to replace fossil fuels and, in general, for all people to have access to renewable energy.
In addition, expressions on the role of renewable energy in reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are being expressed, which would contribute to the stabilization of climate systems and to the transition from climate to climate. sustainable towards an economy that will enable global demand to meet the future.
Article 1o establishes the constitution of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and notes that the Agency is founded on the principle of equality of all its members internationally for the development of its activities.
Article 2o defines the objectives of the Agency, among which is to promote the widespread and reinforced implementation of the sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy. The Agency also takes into account the national priorities of the States and the benefits derived from a combined approach to renewable energy and energy efficiency measures, in addition to the contribution of renewable energy in the conservation of the environment, by mitigating the pressure exerted on natural resources.
It is particularly noteworthy that Article 2o (b) refers to the contribution of renewable energy to the conservation of the environment by mitigating the pressure exerted on natural resources and reducing reforestation, above all in tropical regions, desertification and loss of biodiversity; climate protection; sustainable development; energy supply and security; regional development, and intergenerational responsibility.
Article 3o defines renewable energies, including: bioenergy; geothermal energy; hydraulic energy; marine energy, including energy from tidal waves, waves and ocean thermal energy. solar energy and wind energy.
Article 4 lists the activities to be carried out for the benefit of its members, such as analyzing and monitoring policies; advisory services; performance of their activities; promoting international cooperation of energy renewable and present to the Members a memorial of activities, among others.
Article 5o talks about the annual work programme to be prepared by the Secretariat, the Council will report and the Assembly will approve it. The Agency may carry out projects initiated and financed by its Members, provided that there is no availability of the Agency's non-economic resources.
Article 6o explains the membership of the Agency and the membership of the Agency. Additionally, it notes that the Statute will be open to all members of the United Nations. In the case of a regional intergovernmental economic integration organisation, its Member States shall decide on their respective responsibilities for the fulfilment of obligations imposed on them by the Statute.
Article 7o refers to observers who will be able to attend meetings, such as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations active in the field of renewable energy and signatories who have not signed the agreement. status.
Article 8o provides for the Agency's main bodies, which are the Assembly, the Council and the Secretariat.
Article 9o enshrines everything concerning the composition and functions of the Assembly as the supreme body of the Agency.
Article 10 refers to the Council, which shall consist of no less than 11 and no more than 21 representatives, which shall be equivalent to one third of the Members of the Agency. The article also explains its functions and everything concerning this organ of dependency.
Article 11 explains the Secretariat, which will assist the Assembly, the Council and its subsidiary bodies in the exercise of their functions. He shall also carry out the other activities recommended by the Staff Regulations, as well as those delegated to him by the Assembly or the Council.
Article 12 sets out the provisions of the budget and the mandatory contributions of its Members, which will be based on the scale of the United Nations calculation, as the Assembly has. It also mentions those who will finance the Agency, voluntary contributions and refers to the preparation of the draft budget, the external auditor, management control and internal financial controls.
Article 13 provides for the legal personality, privileges and immunities enjoyed by the Agency for the exercise of its functions, the legal capacity in each of its members and the fulfilment of its purposes.
Article 14 refers to relations with other organisations, in accordance with the provisions adopted by the Agency's bodies in respect of the rights and obligations of any Member, arising from international treaties of
Article 15 enshrines everything concerning amendments to the Statute, the withdrawal of its members and their financial obligations, in the event of withdrawal.
Article 16 refers to the resolution of disputes that may be generated among the Members of the Agency, which shall be governed in accordance with Article 33 (1) of the Charter of the United Nations.
Article 17 states the temporary suspension of rights, which may be defaulted in the payment of financial contributions to the Agency. However, the Assembly may allow those Members to exercise the right to vote, if it is convinced that the default is due to circumstances beyond their control.
Article 18 refers to the decision on the headquarters of the Agency, which was established in the United Arab Emirates.
Article 19 refers to the signature, ratification, entry into force and accession to the Statutes, which were open to the signature of all member states of the United Nations and intergovernmental organizations.
Article 20 covers issues relating to the depositary, registration and authentic text. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is hereby appointed as the depositary of the Statute and of all instruments of ratification and accession of the Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
IV. OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA)
The vision of IRENA is to have a world where modern and effective renewable energy is accessible in all countries and becomes one of the main sources of energy; propender a world where energy technologies They are widely used and are seen as one of the key energy solutions for the future of all countries. A world, where communities that currently lack reliable energy supplies can rely on renewable energy as the basis for their economic and social development.
IRENA believes that the use of renewable energy should, and will increase dramatically in the coming years, due to its key role in increasing energy security; reducing greenhouse gas emissions; climate change mitigation; energy poverty alleviation; support for sustainable development, and boost economic growth.
The IRENA Mission is to become the leading international center of excellence for renewable energy and a platform for the exchange and development of knowledge about renewable energy. Once this has been achieved, IRENA will become the global voice for renewable energy and will facilitate access to all relevant renewable energy information, including technical data, economic data and resource data. potential renewables.
V. LEGAL BACKGROUND IN RELATION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY IN COLOMBIA
Given the close relationship between the development of renewable energy from primary sources and environmental protection or the positive impact of those on the healthy environment, and the protection or conservation of resources renewable natural resources; the following laws have been issued that promote protection as a renewable natural resource as well as the development and use of energy from renewable sources, in the framework of the rational and efficient use of energy and energy. Environmental protection:
i) Law 697 of 20012: points out in article 1or, the national interest in promoting the use of unconventional energies in a sustainable way with the environment and natural resources.
In turn, in the numerals 9 to 14 of the article 33 refers to unconventional sources of energy, such as those available globally that are environmentally sustainable, among which find solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and small hydro-energy use.
ii) Law 1083 of 20064: Review the relationship between clean fuels5, health and the environment. In the second paragraph of the paragraph of article 1or, it prescribes, among others, as clean fuels those that are based on the use of solar energy, mechanical wind, etc.
iii) Decree-law 2811 of 19746: item 6 of article 3or, points out among renewable natural resources, non-exhaustible primary energy sources, which in accordance with the In article 167 corresponds to the coming from solar, wind, the contained in the sea and geothermal resources.
iv) Act 99 of 19937: In the first instance, the numeral 1 of the article 1or, points out that the process of economic and social development of the country will be oriented according to the universal and the Sustainable development contained in the Rio de Janeiro Declaration of June 1992 on Environment and Development, among which it is worth highlighting, for its impact on the search for sustainable development and the protection of the environment, principles 1, 4, 88 , and 9.
Likewise, article 3or points out that it must be understood by sustainable development, that which leads to economic growth, the elevation of quality of life and social welfare, without exhausting the basis of natural resources to which the environment is sustained, or to damage the environment, so that future generations can use it to meet their own needs.
Finally, the numeral 33 of the article 5or points out among the functions of the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development to promote the substitution of non-renewable natural resources, for the development of Technologies for the generation of non-polluting or degrading energy.
v) Act 164 of 19959: Article 12 refers to projects for the reduction or absorption of greenhouse gases under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
VI. NATIONAL ENERGY POLICIES AND PLANS
1. NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY AROUND THE URE
With the issuance of Law 697 of 2001, the International Energy and Energy Use (ERU) was declared as a matter of national social, public and convenience, fundamental to ensure the full and timely supply, the competitiveness of the Colombian economy, consumer protection and the promotion of the use of non-conventional energy in a sustainable way with the environment and natural resources, understood as sources Non-conventional energy sources, those energy sources available worldwide that are environmentally sustainable, but in the country they are not used or are used in a marginal way and are not widely marketed, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal, biomass, small hydroelectric power, between other.
The same law also pointed to the Ministry of Mines and Energy as an entity responsible for promoting, organizing and ensuring the development and monitoring of programs for rational and efficient use.
In this sense, the required Law created the Program for the Rational And Efficient Use of Energy and Other Forms of Non-Conventional Energy (PROURE). Subsequently, the Regulatory Decrees numbers 3683 of 2003 were enacted. and 2501 of 2007, through which provisions are made to promote practices for the purpose of rational and efficient use of energy and define some guidelines.
In 2006, Resolution number 180609 of 2006 was issued, defining the subprograms that are part of the PROURE and subsequently and in view of the need to adopt an indicative action plan 2010-2015 to develop the program. issued Resolution 180919 of 2010.
2. PROGRAM FOR THE RATIONAL AND EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND OTHER FORMS OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY (PROURE)
They were defined as specific objectives of the indicative Action Plan 2010-2015 to develop the PROURE:
1. Consolidate a culture for the sustainable and efficient management of natural resources along the energy chain.
2. Build economic, technical, regulatory, and information conditions to drive a market for efficient energy and energy services in Colombia.
3. Strengthen institutions and promote the private, mixed or social capital business initiative for the development of sub-programmes and projects that are part of PROURE.
4. Facilitate the implementation of the rules related to incentives, including tax, that will allow the development of sub-programmes and projects that are part of PROURE to be promoted.
3. NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN 2010-2030
1. Objectives of the Plan
Within the Preliminary Version of the National Energy Plan 2010-2030, the following are considered as major objectives:
The plan is divided into 4 parts:
i) seeks to reduce the vulnerability of the Colombian energy sector in all Colombian energy supply chains and increase their availability and reliability. To this end, strategies have been identified that make up a number of policies and instruments such as:
-- The diversification of the power generation matrix in the medium and long term.
-- The creation of redundant natural gas infrastructure, improved hiring schemes, and the exploitation of new alternatives.
-- Continue and deepen plans for expansion of future supply of hydrocarbons, liquid fuels and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG).
-- Deepen regional energy integration. Implementing Rational and Energy Efficient Use programs.
ii) Maximize the contribution of the Colombian energy sector to exports, to macroeconomic stability, to the competitiveness and development of the country. Consider the following strategies:
-- Implement comprehensive hydrocarbon industry development programs.
-- Put in place comprehensive mineral coal industry development programs.
-- Develop the current biofuel strategy to a new level.
-- Diversify natural gas supply sources by obtaining multiple synergies.
-- Diversify sourcing with unconventional energy sources (FNCE) and non-conventional renewable energy (ERNC).
-- Increasing the competitiveness of Colombia by means of adequate prices of the energy basket and the costs of electrical energy.
-- Strengthen regional energy integration.
-- Strengthen research and development through the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (COLCIENIAS).
iii) Take advantage of Colombia's energy resources with sustainability criteria, taking into account the new global trends in the country. The set of policies and strategies corresponding to the two central objectives already described converge in the present objective in a harmonious way in a group of strategies whose components were arranged like this:
-- Strengthen development and normativity for greater penetration of clean and renewable sources, without affecting the proper functioning of the system or the market.
-- Strengthen the programs of ERUs, as a mechanism to boost the competitiveness of the nation and its people.
-- Bind energy supply to local development requirements, so that energy facilitates the development of local potentials as the local policy seeks.
-- Create synergies between energy, productive and tourism activities for the promotion of green markets.
-- Foster technological innovation in energy use.
-- Promote strategic environmental assessments to energy chain policies, plans and programs, as an instrument of support for the incorporation of environmental considerations into these decisions, By providing estimates of the environmental scope of the country's different energy bets and their sustainability in the medium and long term.
-- With regard to the coal sector and in view of the need to make an orderly transition towards cleaner and more sustainable forms, regulations will be established that, with the aim of achieving best practices, will not limit development. productive that you want to boost.
iv) Harmonize the institutional framework for the implementation of national energy policy. The main institutional challenges of the sector have to do with problems of coordination, definition of roles, weakness of some entities, and lack of institutions in some cases. To improve these aspects, it is necessary:
-- Establish sound interagency coordination in relation to the energy sector.
-- To formally establish inter-ministerial coordination that allows for a comprehensive development of the country in all areas across the energy sector.
-- Clarify roles, attributions, and new entities (coal, gas, and ERUs).
-- Strengthen the respective institutions.
-- Strengthen comprehensive and reliable information systems.
-- Review and strengthen the supply and demand subsidy scheme, through existing funds. In this regard, it is important to guarantee the necessary resources for these funds to continue operating, thus achieving better coverage and better service in the poorest areas of the country, but in an organized manner, which avoids double remuneration.
It is concluded from the above that, within the approach of the National Energy Plan 2010-2030, the issues related to the efficient use of energy and the promotion of non-conventional energy sources are pillars.
VII. THE UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY IN COLOMBIA
Non-conventional energy sources have acquired an important dynamic, especially in non-interconnected areas, with new incentives for innovation and resources coming from sectoral funds, as well as a strong will of the Institute of Planning and Promotion of Energy Solutions for Non-Interconnected Zones (IPSE) in the development of specific projects.
The country has national approaches to the potential of wind and solar energy10. Currently the Energy Mining Planning Unit (UPME), COLCIENCIAS, the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies of Colombia (IDEAM) and the Colombian Institute of Geology and Mining (INGEOMINAS), as well as companies of generation, Some research groups and certain universities continue to work on the development of inventory of projects that take advantage of these sources.
1. Potential for Small Hydroelectric Power (PCH):
The Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Alternative Energies (INEA)11, in 1997, identified a preliminary potential for the 25,000 MW hydroelectric power plants, of which only about 2% had been used in all of the country. In 2010, 509.98 MW of hydro-energy uses less than 20 MW are installed that supply power to the National Interconnected System.
This potential value is important if you consider that it can be increased because Colombia has an average annual rainfall of 3,000 millimeters over 25% of the total area of the continental territory that equals 274,000 km2 and there is a high potential for uncounted projects.
The following table shows the country's main basins and the degree of participation of the country's water supply.
Table 1 Water Basins
| BASIN | TERRITORY COVERED AREA NATIONAL | WATER SUPPLY | population |
| Magdalena and Cauca Rivers | 25% | 11% | 70% |
| Orinoco, Amazon, Pacific, Sinu, Atrato, Catatumbo and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta | 75% | 89% | 30% |
Source: 2007. UPME.
Additionally, in Colombia there are 720,000 basins and micro-basins and about 1,600 bodies of water, identified as lagoons, lakes and reservoirs, with an approximate volume of 26.3 billion m3 and approximate reserves of 140,879 km3 of groundwater.
Recently the UPME and IDEAM, continuing its work of establishing the inventories of renewable energy resources, have produced an approach to the national hydroelectric resource with the information of the digital model of the Colombia (MDTC) (90m x 90m), drainage networks, basins associated with 367 stations with measurement and historical series of flow data. Estimated 4,674 national basins and runoff maps, potential for Colombia.
Phases later must seek to validate and update the developed exercises, so that they allow the proper development of this resource.
2. Wind Energy
Studies carried out by the Special Energy Program of the Atlantic Coast (PESENCA) in the 1990s for the Atlantic coast and at the country level by the INEA in 1997 and, subsequently, by the UPME and IDEAM are part of the efforts they made build the national winds atlas that shows the broad potential of this resource.
In this sense, this atlas allows to identify the geographical areas of the country where there is the greatest potential as is the case of the Atlantic Coast, where the greatest potential of the resource is located in the peninsula of La Guajira, bathed by the Trade winds and where the first wind farm was installed for electrical generation.
Other regions with resource potential are located in Lower Magdalena and the Cesar Basin; in the departments of Bolivar, Atlantico, and Norte de Santander, central and southern Cesar; in coastal areas of the Gulf of Uraba, in the Middle Magdalena and south of Catatumbo at the height of Norte de Santander and in the Orientales Llanos on Casanare, limits between Boyaca and Cundinamarca, and limits between Meta, Huila and Cundinamarca.
The following table shows a summary of wind power density in regions with the best potential in the country.
Table. Wind power density by region
| REGION | POWER DENSITY AT 20 M (W/m2) | POWER DENSITY AT 50 M (W/m2) |
| Guajira | 1,000-1,331 | 2,744-3.375 |
| San Andres | 125-216 | 216-343 |
| Santanders | 125-216 | 343-512 |
| Atlantic Coast | 216-512 | 729-1,331 |
| Casanare and Llanos Orientales | 125-216 | 216-343 |
| Boyaca | 125-216 | 216-343 |
| Limits between Tolima and Coffee Zone | 216-512 | 512-729 |
| Uraba Gulf | 125-216 | 343-512 |
Source: 2006. UPME-IDEAM.
Estimates based on resources and general technical parameters indicate that more than 10,000 MW can be installed in generation plants using only a fraction of the coast of La Guajira.
The steps to be followed to detail the potential are framed within the realization of point measurements in the areas already identified with greater potential. These measurements must be made at several heights and with anemometer towers that at least reach 50 m, the sites selected for these measurements should take into consideration the orography, the obstacles of the terrain, migration of birds, location of human settlements and soil coverage among other factors for the installation of large wind plants.
3. Solar Energy
Colombia has a solar energy potential across the entire national territory, with a multi-year average daily near 4.5 kWh/m2. In the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions, specifically in La Guajira, according to the results of the evaluation of the country's solar resource, it shows a daily average annual solar potential between 5.0 and 6.5 kWh/m2/day, the largest of the country.
The regions of the Orinoquia and Amazonia, which comprise the plains of the Eastern Plains and areas of the Colombian jungles, have an upward variation of the solar radiation in a suroeast-northeast direction, verifying values comparable to those of La Guajira in the northeast (Puerto Carreño).
Table. Solar radiation potential by region
| REGION | SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m2/year) |
| Guajira | 1,980-2.340 |
| Atlantic Coast | 1,260-2,340 |
| Orinocia | 1,440-2,160 |
| Amazon | 1,440-1,800 |
| Andina | 1,080-1,620 |
| Pacific Coast | 1,080-1,440 |
Source: 2005. UPME-IDEAM.
Atlas of Solar Radiation of Colombia.
While the availability of solar radiation atlas allows for information for small systems design with an acceptable level of accuracy, the installation of measuring equipment such as radiometers is required for projects that have a larger size or more precise requirements on the resource and the energy production of the resource.
4. Biomass
Biomass is one of the most complex resources to estimate in terms of the potential for exploitation as it depends on many factors and can even disappear if it is mismanaged.
The UPME conducted a study12, which led to the first approach to the plant biomass potential map and then developed with the Residual Biomass Potential Atlas in Colombia.
A summary of the biomass potential studies conducted by the UPME is summarized in the following table:
Table. Power generation potential with biomass
ELECTRICAL GENERATION POTENTIAL
| INDUSTRIAL CROPS | MW |
| Palma | 100 |
| Sugar Cana | 747 |
| Cana Cana | 513 |
| Coffee | 310 |
| Rice | 171 |
| SUBTOTAL | 1,841 |
Residual livestock biomass
| Bovinos | 532 |
| Porcino | 25 |
| Poultry | 184 |
| SUBTOTAL | 741 |
URBAN SOLID WASTE
| Market Abasts and Plaws Center | 0.5 |
| Poda | 0.6 |
| 4 major cities healthcare fill-in | 47 |
| GRAN TOTAL | 2,630 |
Source: consolidated UPME.
In addition to the above, the country has a potential for natural biomass in the forests, especially in the south of the country, in the Amazon region. Although these represent immense potential they are protected as they are considered a green lung for the country and for the continent, also in the production of alcohol and vegetable oil.
Table. Estimated biomass potential with agricultural waste estimated by ISAGEN
TOTAL POTENTIAL
| Fuel oil | 658 MWh/year |
| Fuel Alcohol | 2,640 MWh/year |
| Agroindustrial waste and harvest | 11,828 MWh/year |
| Forest Waste Planted | 442 MWh/year |
| Waste natural forests | 698 MWh/year |
| Potential | 16,267 MWh/year |
Source: ISAGEN.
The proper use of biomass is what makes it sustainable and renewable. Therefore, in the implementation of projects with this energy source it is essential to consider all aspects of the exploitation of the resource and its management.
5. Geothermal
Colombia, due to the presence of recent volcanic activity in the Western and Central Cordillera and the presence of latent igneous activity in some areas of the Eastern Cordillera, is a country with very interesting geothermal resources that can to be oriented, even, to the production of electrical energy.
In this sense, an overall assessment of the areas of interest has been carried out based on the assessment of the presence of three elements (high-enthalpy geothermal system): (i) surface thermal anomaly, (ii) reservoir and (iii) coverage waterproof.
i) In the Western Cordillera: it is counted, from south to north, with the areas of the Chiles-Cerro Negro volcanoes on the border with Ecuador (which has been identified later as the Chilean-Cerro Negro-Tufino binational geothermal project), the Cumbal, the Azufral and Galeras. The most significant areas are:
a) The Azufral volcano, with the presence of a highly-evolving volcano, guarantee of a significant heat source in depth, surface thermal springs and hydrotermalized rock fragments of vulcan-sedimentary type that indicate the existence of a high temperature geothermal reservoir likely to be covered by tertiary volcanic rocks that would act as impermeable cover;
b) The one of the Chiles-Cerro Negro volcano that features features of a relatively close heat source to the surface, hot springs of interest and possible presence of deep rocks related to a geothermal reservoir.
ii) In the Central Range: the areas of the volcanoes Dona Juana, Sotara, Purace and Huila were studied in the south to the north. The first two are characterized by the presence of signs of a significant heat source, but there are doubts about the existence of a reservoir. In the case of the last two volcanoes there are doubts about the effectiveness of the heat source and it has problems related to the reservoir.
iii) In the Eastern Cordillera: it was identified as an area of interest that of Paipa, because it is the only one located outside the main volcanic region, in a sedimentary geological environment, so there should not be many problems of permeability in the subsoil. The surface presence of a not very young volcanism could create uncertainty about the possible presence of a source of heat close to the surface, but the existence of thermal sources of high surface temperature would suggest its warming by some magmatic body in latency state.
In addition to these locations, an area in the Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Massif is being investigated by private initiatives which should consider previous studies that pose a delicate problem due to the absence of rock formations. they could present high permeability, and in this way act as geothermal reservoirs of industrial interest.
It follows from the above that the highest priority was assigned to the areas of Azufral and Chiles-Cerro Negro, which, in principle, would present the conditions required for the existence of a high-enthalpy geothermal field.
Other potentials can be derived from the same oil exploitation, from which you can take advantage of your thermal gradient as an element for energy supply in the respective fields.
Finally, the effort of INGEOMINAS in studying this resource produced the subsoil temperature map that also contributes to the knowledge of the resource.
6. Ocean Energy13
Non-conventional energy associated with the oceans depends on water and its physical thermal and mechanical energy conditions, namely: salinity gradient; ocean currents; thermal gradient; tidal wave and wind waves. In this sense, studies have been carried out in the country that allow a preliminary idea of its potential as follows:
i) Thermal gradient energy:
Its potential depends on 3 requirements: a) a thermal gradient of more than 20ºC between the hot water and cold water layer, b) a minimum depth with the required thermal gradient, and c) a minimum horizontal distance between land and the energy exploitation given the thermal gradient.
According to a recent study (Torres, 2003), in a first approach, conditions appear to exist in the region of the islands of San Andrés and Providencia in the Caribbean, while in the Colombian Pacific region they do not present themselves. The necessary thermal gradients between the surface waters and the deep water that allow the use of this energy.
In other sites evaluated as Jurors and Cape Corrientes, neither are the depths necessary for the sump of these generation plants, which are at least 5,000 and 5,700 m, respectively, of the line. coastal. This distance is too large for the interconnection of this type of generation power plants.
Under these conditions, the potential for the use of this resource on the Pacific coast is not viable under current conditions.
ii) tidal energy:
It comes from tidal currents in coastal areas. There must be water-level difference conditions higher than 3m, speeds higher than 1.75 m/s and areas of bays or estuaries that allow the construction of dams for the turbines for electricity generation.
The study (Torres, 2003) indicates that on the Pacific coast, Bahia Malaga, is not an option for low tide rates. However, through modifications to the entrance channels of Bahia Málaga it is possible to reach the speeds necessary for the electrical generation between 70 and 100 MW.
This requires an economic and environmental assessment due to the magnitude of the civil works and their impact on local hydrodynamics and naval transit.
Other sites suggested to investigate are the sites near Cabo Corrientes, recognized by strong tidal currents.
iii) Wave energy:
Leverages the potential and kinetic energy of waves. This requires the wave of the wave to transport at least 15 kW per meter of width of the crest.
In the Pacific, the wave amplitude is low and rules out its potential; in the Caribbean, in the north of La Guajira, it has 1,72m annual average wave height and a low standard deviation of 0.3, indicating that this region would be the most promising. with 11.67 kWm. However, the energy flow does not reach the minimum levels (15 kWm) to generate electricity efficiently with the current technology.
The most special case is that of Bocas de Ash-Barranquilla. In this, a 28-day data series was found an average energy flow of 16.11 KWm, which exceeds the minimum levels for the economic generation of electricity14 and would merit a timely study for its use.
7. The challenges of unconventional sources in Colombia
For non-conventional energy sources, the following challenges are glimpsed:
i) Overcome the phase of recognition of renewable and non-conventional energy resources, with a view to being able to make appropriate use of these sources in the context of the Colombian energy market, both for its use in the electricity supply as in the thermal supply and in support of the development processes of the isolated areas of the country.
ii) Update the potential of the hydroelectric resource to both large and small scale and generate bases for its use, taking into consideration aspects of climate change, optimization of the development of the basin and compatibility with other non-energy uses, among others.
iii) To promote competitiveness and to disseminate non-conventional and renewable technologies so that the end user can make use of them.
iv) Support for the national industry to achieve quality standards and development of technologies at competitive costs.
v) To effectively prioritize research and technological development in these areas and to harmonize it with the requirements for the development of the country.
vi) Encourage the use of conventional and unconventional energy sources with efficiency and environmental impact criteria, including through cogeneration systems, by defining a legislative and regulatory framework appropriate.
vii) To incorporate renewable resources into the energy basket, beyond the use of hydroelectric energy, so that they contribute effectively and economically sustainable to reduce the vulnerability of energy supply of the State and its economic and social development.
viii) Achieve appropriate financing schemes that support both systems and clean development mechanisms, as well as others that will allow the development of these technologies to be leveraged in the context of the Colombian energy market.
ix) Make optimal and effective use of renewable resources potentials for the current benefit of the country and future generations by linking private capital.
VIII. IMPORTANCE FOR COLOMBIA TO RATIFY THE STATUS OF THE IRENA
The issue of renewable energy or unconventional energy sources is a matter of public interest for the positive impacts it has on the conservation and protection of renewable natural resources and the protection of the environment. environment.
In other words, the development of renewable energies or unconventional sources of energy, is in line with the protection of the healthy environment, the rational use of natural resources and sustainable development, as legal goods tutored in accordance with the provisions of Articles 79 and 80 of the Political Constitution, the article 7or Decree-Law 2811 of 1974 and article 3or Act 99 of 1993.
Given the global trends of resource depletion and environmental degradation, in particular the phenomenon of climate change, which largely stem from rising energy demand and supply with non-renewable energy, the preponderance of the adoption of measures for the promotion of the development and use of alternative energy sources is indisputable. Renewable energy has the potential to reduce the environmental impacts of energy production and consumption, the demand for which increases day by day, associated with economic growth and the world population. Notoriously, they can support the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whose high levels are one of the causes of global warming that is currently being observed.
Additionally, Colombia presents a high dependence on hydroelectric power, and in fact, the installed capacity of hydroelectric power generation has the potential to cover up to 70% of energy demand.
For the country it is necessary to explore the use of renewable sources that complement the hydroelectric generation, since the impacts of climate change in Colombia accentuate the vulnerabilities of this sector, which can put at risk the energy security in the country. According to the Second National Communication on Climate Change (Iofam, 2010) and as a result of the application of a methodology of vulnerability analysis against this phenomenon, the following is highlighted:
-- The high and very high impact that could be reached in the capacity of hydroelectric generation (net effective for the period 2011 to 2040) in the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila and Narino.
-- Impacts on projected capacity (average energy), which reflects in part the increased generation capacity that could be had for the future (new projects). A significant impact is highlighted in the departments of Antioquia, Santander, Tolima, Huila and Cundinamarca, with high and very high potential impact for the period 2011 to 2040. Such identification should be taken in relative terms with respect to projects located in other departments.
On the other hand, the use of renewable energy or the use of non-conventional sources helps to achieve the following environmental benefits15:
-- Reduction in CO2emissions, which helps mitigate the planet's climate change.
-- Decrease in emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels (particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides).
-- Reduction in the pressure exerted on the water resource.
-- They represent an alternative to prevent the destruction of ecosystems.
Considering that Colombia is a country that has significant potential for renewable and unconventional energy, it is necessary to promote development and further deepen the research of these energy sources, in order to diversify the matrix of conventional energy sources and thus contribute to a better energy, economic and social supply, in addition to generating sustainable development considering the economic, technological, environmental, social and political dimensions that the development of these energies implies, in order for Colombia to be positioned as a regional energy pole.
The National Government has formulated the Plan of Action for the 2010-2015 period, with a view to developing the Program for the National and Efficient Use of Energy and Other Forms of Non-Conventional Energy (PROURE). The country also has a legal framework issued since Law 697 of 2001 and its regulatory decrees, which encourages the rational and efficient use of energy and the promotion of non-nuclear energy sources. Conventional energy.
Likewise, the Colombian energy policy around the promotion of unconventional energy sources is identified with the considerations that motivate the creation of IRENA, namely:
1. Promotion of renewable energy in the framework of sustainable development.
2. Opportunities offered by renewable energy to address and mitigate problems arising from energy security and the instability of energy prices.
3. Recognition of the role that renewables can play in reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It should be borne in mind that the Colombian energy generation sector is a clean sector, with a majority share of hydraulic energy, considered as renewable energy.
4. I want to drive the positive effect that renewable energy technologies can generate in stimulating sustainable economic growth and job creation.
5. Great potential that renewable energy offers for decentralized energy access, especially for developing countries and remote areas.
6. Colombia promotes and develops through clean technologies, the extraction and use of fossil fuels, with criteria of efficiency and environmental sustainability, which constitute purposes shared by IRENA.
7. Renewable energies combined with greater energy efficiency can increasingly absorb the global increase in energy needs expected in the coming decades.
8. Participate in an international organization for renewable energy that facilitates cooperation among its Members for the promotion of renewable energy.
Additionally, the promotion of non-conventional energy and energy efficiency sources, an objective sought by IRENA, is consistent with the national energy policy around these issues, which is part of the Law 697 of 2001 and its Regulatory Decrees, the basis for the development of the Plan of Action 2010-2015 of the Program for the National and Efficient Use of Energy and other forms of energy conventional (PROURE), and has been contemplated in the framework of different versions of the , in particular its preliminary version for the horizon 2010-2030, as will be seen below.
Regarding the activities that IRENA will carry out, it is convenient for Colombia to know about the experiences, information, regulation, practices, technologies, incentives, etc. related to the unconventional sources of energy and energy efficiency, from which the Colombian energy sector can benefit and receive advisory and support services to implement the 2010-2015 indicative action plan to develop the PROURE, strengthening capacities and supporting research for the development of such sources. In this sense, Colombia can benefit from the activities carried out by IRENA, according to its Statutes.
The linkage of IRENA can make a significant contribution to the development of still untapped renewable energy, to disseminate experiences from other countries in the application of new technologies and to advise on policies to promote their use.
As a corollary, it is pertinent to mention that the objective sought by IRENA is consistent with the national energy policy around the promotion of the unconventional sources of energy and energy efficiency, which is part of the stipulated in Law 697 of 2001 and is envisaged as a pillar of the National Energy Plan 2010-2030.
For the reasons stated, the National Government, through the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Mines and Energy, requests the honorable Congress of the Republic to approve the " Statute of the International Agency of Renewable Energies (Irena) ", made in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009.
Of the honorable Congressmen,
The Foreign Minister,
Maria Angela Holguin Cuellar.
The Minister of Mines and Energy,
Mauricio Cardenas Santa Maria.
EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF PUBLIC POWER
PRESIDENCY OF THE REPUBLIC
Bogotá, D. C., August 22, 2011
Authorized. Submit to the consideration of the honorable Congress of the Republic for the constitutional effects.
(Fdo.) JUAN MANUEL SANTOS CALDERÓN
The Foreign Minister,
(Fdo.) Maria Angela Holgin Cuellar.
DECRETA:
ARTICLE 1o. Approve the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)", made in Bonn, Germany, on January 26, 2009.
ARTICLE 2o. In accordance with the provisions of Article 1 or the 7th Act of 1944, the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)", made in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009, which is hereby approved under Article 1 of this Law, shall be obliged to the country from the date on which the international link with respect to them is perfected.
ARTICLE 3o. This law governs from the date of its publication.
Dada in Bogotá, D. C., on August 22, 2011.
Presented to the honorable Congress of the Republic by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Mines and Energy.
The Foreign Minister,
Maria Angela Holguin Cuellar.
The Minister of Mines and Energy,
Mauricio Cardenas Santa Maria.
1998 424 LAW
(January 13)
by which the follow-up to the international conventions signed by Colombia is ordered.
The Congress of Colombia
DECRETA:
Article 1o. The National Government through the Foreign Ministry will submit annually to the Senate and Senate Foreign Relations Committees, and within the first thirty days of the legislative period, which begins every 20 years. July, a detailed report on how the existing International Conventions signed by Colombia with other States are being complied with and developed.
Article 2o. Each dependency of the National Government responsible for implementing the International Treaties of its competence and requiring reciprocity in them, will transfer the relevant information to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Second.
Article 3o. The full text of this law will be incorporated as an annex to each and every International Convention that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs presents to the Congress.
Article 4o. This law governs from its promulgation.
The President of the honorable Senate of the Republic,
Amylkar Acosta Medina.
The Secretary General of the honorable Senate of the Republic,
Pedro Pumarejo Vega.
The President of the honorable House of Representatives,
Carlos Ardila Ballesteros.
The Secretary General of the honorable House of Representatives,
Diego Vivas Tafur.
NATIONAL REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA
Publish and execute.
Dada en Santa Fe de Bogota, D. C., on January 13, 1998.
ERNESTO SAMPER PIZANO
The Foreign Minister,
Maria Emma Mejia Velez.
EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF PUBLIC POWER
PRESIDENCY OF THE REPUBLIC
Bogotá, D. C., August 22, 2011
Authorized. Submit to the consideration of the honorable Congress of the Republic for the constitutional effects.
(Fdo.) JUAN MANUEL SANTOS CALDERÓN
The Foreign Minister,
(Fdo.) Maria Angela Holgin Cuellar.
DECRETA:
Article 1o. I approved the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)", made in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009.
Article 2o. In accordance with the provisions of Article 1 of Law 7ª of 1944, the "Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena)",in Bonn, Germany, on 26 January 2009, as provided for in Article 1 of this Law the law is approved, will force the country from the date on which the international link with respect to them is perfected.
Article 3o. This law governs from the date of its publication.
The President of the honorable Senate of the Republic,
ROY LEONARDO BARRIERS MONTEALEGRE.
The Secretary General of the honorable Senate of the Republic,
GREGORIO ELJACH PACHECO.
The President of the honorable House of Representatives,
AUGUSTO POSADA SANCHEZ.
The Secretary General of the honorable House of Representatives,
JORGE HUMBERTO MANTILLA SERRANO.
REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Communicate and comply.
Execute, subject to revision of the Constitutional Court, pursuant to article 241-10 of the Political Constitution.
Dada en Bogotá, D. C., 16 July 2013.
JUAN MANUEL SANTOS CALDERÓN
The Foreign Minister,
MARIA ANGELA HOLGUIN HANG.
The Minister of Mines and Energy,
FEDERICO RENGIFO VELEZ.
* * *
| (1) | The Conference notes that France has already referred a depositary government to a French version of the Statute and request for the establishment of an authentic text of the Statute in the French language. |
| (2) | This declaration does not affect the agreement of the Final Preparatory Conference Madrid on the working language. |
| 1 | http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/cvn/1665/article-117028.html |
| 2 | "By which the rational and efficient use of the energy, promote the use of alternative energies and dictate other provisions". |
| 3 | " [...] Article 3or. Definitions. For the purposes of interpreting and applying this law, it is understood by: [...] |
| 9. Non-conventional energy sources: For the purposes of this law are unconventional sources of energy, those energy sources available globally that are environmentally sustainable, but in the country are not employed or are used in a marginal way and are not widely traded. | |
| 10. Solar energy: Call solar energy, the energy carried by electromagnetic waves from the sun. | |
| 11. Wind Energy: Call the wind energy, the energy that can be obtained from the wind currents. | |
| 12. Geothermal: It is the energy that can be obtained from the heat of the terrestrial subsurface. | |
| 13. Biomass: It is any type of organic matter that has had its immediate origin as a consequence of a biological process and all plant matter originated by the process of photosynthesis, as well as the metabolic processes of the organisms heterotrofos. | |
| 14. Small hydro-energy uses: It is the potential energy of a hydraulic flow in a determined jump that does not exceed the equivalent of 10 MW. [...] ". | |
| 4 | "By means of which some rules are set sustainable urban planning and other provisions are dictated". |
| 5 | Having as a fundamental criterion its content of health-harmful components and the environment. |
| 6 | By which the National Natural Resources Code is dictated Renewable and Environmental Protection. " |
| 7 | " For which the Environment Ministry is created, it is reordered The Public Sector responsible for the management and conservation of the environment and renewable natural resources, the National Environmental System, SINA, is organized and other provisions are dictated. |
| 8 | To achieve sustainable development and a better quality of life for all States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable production and consumption patterns and encourage appropriate demographic policies. |
| 9 | By means of which the " Framework Convention of the United Nations Climate Change ", made in New York on May 9, 1992. |
| 10 | Available at www.si3ea.gov.co |
| 11 | Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Alternative Energy-INEA. Design Guide for Hydroelectric Small Central. Bogotá. 1997. |
| 12. | 2003. UPME-AENE. Potential of energy crops and agricultural waste in Colombia, Bogotá. |
| 13 | Tomado de Torres R. Study of the potential in Colombia for the use of unconventional energy of the oceans. Naval Cadet School Admiral Padilla. Cartagena, 2003. |
| 14 | Torres, R. and Andrade C., CIOH Scientific Bulletin, No. 24, Potential in Colombia for the exploitation of the unconventional energy of the oceans, pp. 11-25, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, December 2006. |
| 15. | According to technical concept issued by the Sustainable Sectoral Development Directorate of the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development, radicado 2200-3-17090 dated 14-02-11. |
