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Law On Consent To The Protocol To The Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979 To The Control Of Emissions Of Volatile Organic Compounds Or Their Transboundary Fluxes, And Annexes I, Ii, Ii

Original Language Title: Loi portant assentiment au Protocole à la Convention sur la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière à longue distance, de 1979, relatif à la lutte contre les émissions des composés organiques volatils ou leurs flux transfrontières, et aux Annexes I, II, II

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24 JUNE 2000. - An Act to approve the Protocol to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of 1979 on the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, and Annexes I, II, III and IV, signed in Geneva on 18 November 1991 (1) (2)



ALBERT II, King of the Belgians,
To all, present and to come, Hi.
The Chambers adopted and We sanction the following:
Article 1er. This Act regulates a matter referred to in Article 77 of the Constitution.
Art. 2. The Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, and Annexes I, II, III and IV, signed in Geneva on 18 November 1991, will be fully effective.
Promulgation of this law, let us order that it be clothed with the seal to the State and published by the Belgian Monitor.
Given in Brussels on 24 June 2000.
ALBERT
By the King:
Minister of Foreign Affairs,
L. MICHEL
Minister of Public Health and the Environment,
Ms. M. AELVOET
Seen and sealed from the state seal:
Minister of Justice,
Mr. VERWILGHEN
____
Notes
(1) Session 1999-2000.
Senate.
Documents. - Bill tabled on 22 December 1999, No. 2-255/1. - Report, no. 2-255/2. - Text adopted in session and transmitted to the Chamber, No. 2-255/3.
Annales parliamentarians. - Discussion and voting. Session of February 24, 2000.
House of Representatives.
Documents. - Project transmitted by the Senate, No. 50-473/1. - Report, no. 50-473/2.
Annales parliamentarians. - Discussion and voting. Session of April 6, 2000.
(2) See also the Decree of the Flemish Community/ Flemish Region of 15 July 1997 (Belgian Monitor of 29 August 1997), the Decree of the Walloon Region of 6 May 1999 (Belgian Monitor of 23 June 1999), the Order of the Brussels-Capital Region of 27 April 2000 (Belgian Monitor of 27 September 2000).

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
THE PARTIES,
RESOLUTION to implement the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,
PREOCCUPETED by the fact that current emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and resulting secondary photochemical oxidant products damage, in exposed regions of Europe and North America, natural resources of ecological and economic importance, and, under certain conditions of exposure, have adverse effects on human health,
NOTING that under the Protocol to Combat Nitrogen Oxide Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted in Sofia on 31 October 1988, agreement has already been reached to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions,
RECOGNIZING the contribution of VOCs and nitrogen oxides in the formation of tropospheric ozone,
RECONNAISSING AUSSI that VOCs, nitrogen oxides and the resulting ozone are transported across international borders, affecting air quality in neighbouring states,
CONSCIENTS that the mechanism of photochemical oxidant creation is such that it is essential to reduce VOC emissions to reduce the incidence of photochemical oxidants,
WHEREAS Methane and carbon monoxide emitted from human activities are present at background concentrations in air above the EEC region and contribute to the creation, by episodes, of peak ozone concentrations; that their oxidation at the global level in the presence of nitrogen oxides contributes to the formation of ground concentrations of tropospheric ozone to which photochemical episodes occur; and that methane should be subject to control measures in other settings,
RECALLING that the Executive Body of the Convention recognized at its sixth session that it was necessary to combat VOC emissions or their transboundary fluxes and to control the impact of photochemical oxidants, and that Parties that had already reduced these emissions should maintain and revise their emission standards for VOCs,
RECORD OF the measures already taken by several Parties that have reduced their annual national emissions of oxides, nitrogen and VOCs,
NOTING that some parties have set air quality standards and/or troposheric ozone objectives and that standards for tropospheric ozone concentrations have been set by the World Health Organization and other relevant bodies,
RESOLUES to take effective measures to combat and reduce annual national VOC emissions or transboundary VOC flows and resulting secondary photochemical oxidant products, in particular by applying appropriate national or international emission standards to new mobile sources and stationary sources, by adapting the main existing stationary sources, and also by limiting the proportion of components that could emit VOCs in the industrial sector
CONSCIENTS that volatile organic compounds differ greatly from each other by their reactivity and ability to create tropospheric ozone and other photochemical oxidants, and that, for any individual component, these possibilities may vary from time to time and from place to place depending on weather and other factors,
RECOGNIZING the need to take into account the differences and variations in this regard if the measures taken to combat and reduce VOC emissions and transboundary fluxes are as effective as possible and lead to a minimum reduction in the formation of tropospheric ozone and other photochemical oxidants,
REQUEST TO CONSIDERATION existing scientific and technical data relating to emissions, atmospheric displacement and environmental effects of VOCs and photochemical oxidants, as well as to control techniques,
RECOGNIZING that scientific and technical knowledge on these issues will be developed and that this will need to be taken into account when considering the application of this Protocol and deciding on further action to be taken,
NOTING that the development of a critical-level approach is intended to establish an effect-oriented scientific basis, to be taken into account in the review of the application of this Protocol and before deciding on further internationally agreed measures to limit and reduce VOC emissions or transboundary VOC and photochemical oxidant flows,
AGAINST the following:
Article 1er
Definitions
For the purposes of this Protocol,
1. " Convention " means the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted at Geneva on 13 November 1979;
2. The Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe is defined by "Emports";
3. "Executive Body" means the Executive Body of the Convention, established under Article 10, paragraph 1, of the Convention;
4. The area defined in paragraph 4 of Article 1 is defined by "the geographic area of EEM activities".er Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted at Geneva on 28 September 1984;
5. "Ozone Management Area" means an area specified in Annex I in accordance with the conditions set out in paragraph 2 (b) of Article 2;
6. “Parties”, except incompatibility with the context, the Parties to this Protocol;
7. "Commission", the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe;
8. "critical levels" means concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere, for a specified duration of exposure, below which, in the current state of knowledge, there are no direct adverse effects on receptors such as man, plants, ecosystems or materials;
9. "volatile organic compounds" or "VOCs", unless otherwise specified, all artificial organic compounds, other than methane, that can produce photochemical oxidants by reaction with nitrogen oxides in the presence of solar light;
10. "Great source category" means any source category that emits air pollutants in the form of VOCs, including the categories described in technical annexes II and III, and that contributes for at least 1% of the total annual total of VOC emissions, measured or calculated on the first calendar year following the date of entry into force of this Protocol, and every four years thereafter;
11. A "new fixed source" means any stationary source that is beginning to build or that is undertaking to substantially alter upon the expiry of a two-year period from the date of entry into force of this Protocol;
12. "New mobile source" means any motor vehicle built after the expiration of two years from the date of entry into force of this Protocol;
13. The "potential for photochemical ozone creation" (PCOP) means the potential of a given VOC relative to that of other VOCs to form ozone by reacting with nitrogen oxides in the presence of solar light, as described in Appendix IV.
Article 2
Fundamental obligations
1. Parties control and restrict their VOC emissions in order to reduce transboundary fluxes of these compounds and the flow of secondary photochemical oxidants resulting from them and thus protect the health and environment from adverse effects.
2. In order to meet the requirements of paragraph 1 above, each Party shall control and reduce its annual emissions of VOCs, or their transboundary fluxes in one of the following terms to be specified at the signature:
(a) it shall take, at first and as soon as practicable, effective measures to reduce its annual national VOC emissions by at least 30% by 1999, keeping as a basis the 1988 levels or any other annual level of the period 1984-1990 that it may specify when signing or acceding to this Protocol; or
(b) if its annual emissions contribute to tropospheric ozone concentrations in areas under the jurisdiction of one or more other Parties and originate only from areas within its jurisdiction specified as a ZGOT in Annex I, it shall, at first and as soon as possible, take effective measures for
(i) reduce its annual VOC emissions from the areas so specified by at least 30% by 1999 by retaining as a basis the 1988 levels or any other annual level of the period 1984-1990 that it may specify when signing or acceding to this Protocol;
(ii) ensure that its annual total national VOC emissions by 1999 do not exceed 1988 levels;
(c) if its annual national VOC emissions were in 1988 less than 500,000 tonnes and 20 kg per capita and 5 tonnes per km2, it takes, as soon as possible, effective measures to ensure at least that, by 1999, its annual national VOC emissions do not exceed 1988 levels.
3. (a) In addition, no later than two years after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, Parties shall:
(i) apply to new stationary sources of appropriate national or international emission standards based on the best available technologies that are economically viable, taking into account Annex II;
(ii) apply national or international measures for solvent-containing products and encourage the use of low or zero VOC-containing products, taking into account Annex II, including the adoption of a labelling specifying the content of VOC products;
(iii) apply to new mobile sources of appropriate national or international emission standards based on the best available techniques that are economically viable, taking into account Annex III;
(iv) Encourage people to participate in emission control programmes through public announcements, promoting the best use of all modes of transport and launching traffic management programmes.
(b) In addition, no later than five years after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, in areas where national or international tropospheric ozone standards are exceeded or where transboundary fluxes originate or may originate, Parties:
(i) apply to existing stationary sources in major source categories the best available and economically viable techniques, taking into account Annex III;
(ii) apply techniques to reduce VOC emissions from the distribution of petroleum products and fuelling operations of motor vehicles and to reduce the volatility of petroleum products, taking into account annexes II and III.
4. By complying with their obligations under this Article, Parties are invited to accord the highest priority to the reduction or control of emissions of substances with the highest PCOP, taking into account the data presented in Annex IV.
5. To apply this Protocol, and in particular any substitution measures, Parties shall make the necessary arrangements to ensure that toxic and carcinogenic VOCs or those attacking the stratospheric ozone layer do not replace other VOCs.
6. In a second phase, Parties shall enter into negotiations, no later than six months after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, on the further steps to be taken to reduce the annual national emissions of volatile organic compounds or the transboundary fluxes of these emissions and resulting secondary photochemical oxidant products, taking into account the best available scientific and technical innovations, scientifically determined critical levels and internationally accepted target levels of nitrogen
7. To this end, Parties shall cooperate with a view to defining:
(a) more detailed data on various VOCs and their photochemical ozone potentials;
(b) critical levels for photochemical oxidants;
(c) reductions in national annual emissions or transboundary fluxes of VOCs and resulting secondary photochemical oxidants, in particular to the extent necessary to achieve the agreed objectives on the basis of critical levels;
(d) Struggle strategies, such as economic instruments, to ensure the overall profitability needed to achieve agreed objectives;
(e) measures and a schedule beginning no later than 1er January 2000 to achieve these reductions.
8. During these negotiations, the Parties shall consider the appropriateness, for the purposes of paragraph 1, of supplementing subsequent measures by measures to reduce methane emissions.
Article 3
Other measures
1. The measures prescribed by this Protocol do not exempt Parties from their other obligations from taking measures to reduce total gaseous emissions that can significantly contribute to climate change, ground ozone formation in the troposphere, ozone depletion in the stratosphere or are toxic or carcinogenic.
2. Parties may take more stringent measures than those prescribed by this Protocol.
3. Parties shall establish a mechanism to monitor the application of this Protocol. At first, on the basis of information provided under Article 8 or other information, any Party that is entitled to believe that another Party acts or acted in a manner inconsistent with its obligations under this Protocol may inform the Executive Body and, at the same time, interested Parties. At the request of any Party, the matter may be presented for consideration at the next session of the Executive Body.
Article 4
Technology exchange
1. Parties shall facilitate, in accordance with their national laws, regulations and practices, the exchange of technology to reduce VOC emissions, in particular by encouraging:
(a) trade in available techniques;
(b) direct contacts and cooperation in the industrial sector, including joint ventures;
(c) Exchange of information and experience data;
(d) Provision of technical assistance.
2. In order to encourage the activities indicated in paragraph 1 of this Article, Parties shall create favourable conditions by facilitating contacts and cooperation between the relevant agencies and individuals in the private and public sectors who are able to provide the necessary technology, design and engineering services, equipment or funding.
3. Not later than six months after the date of entry into force of this Protocol, Parties shall undertake to consider what is required to create more favourable conditions for the exchange of techniques to reduce VOC emissions.
Article 5
Research and monitoring activities to be undertaken
Parties give high priority to research and monitoring activities on the development and application of methodologies for developing national or international standards for ground-level ozone and other objectives to protect health and the environment. The Parties shall, in particular, engage in national or international research programmes in the work plan of the Executive Body and other cooperation programmes undertaken under the Convention to:
(a) Identify and quantify the effects of anthropogenic and biotic VOC emissions and photochemical oxidants on health, environment and materials;
(b) Determine the geographical distribution of sensitive areas;
(c) Develop emission monitoring and modelling systems and air quality, including emission calculation methods, taking into account, as far as possible, the various species of VOCs of anthropogenic and antibiotic origin, and their reactivity, in order to quantify the long-range transport of VOCs of anthropogenic and antibiotic origin and related pollutants involved in photochemical formation;
(d) Refine evaluations of the effectiveness and cost of VOC control techniques and keep a record of progress in developing improved or new technologies;
(e) Develop in the context of the critical-level approach, methods to integrate scientific, technical and economic data, in order to identify appropriate rational strategies to limit VOC emissions and ensure the overall cost-effectiveness needed to achieve agreed objectives;
(f) Improve the accuracy of inventories of anthropogenic and antibiotic VOC emissions, and harmonize the methods used to calculate or evaluate them;
(g) better understand the chemical processes involved in the formation of photochemical oxidants;
(h) Define appropriate measures to reduce methane emissions.
Article 6
Review process
1. The Parties shall periodically review this Protocol taking into account the most compelling scientific arguments and the best available technical innovations.
2. The first review will take place no later than one year after the date of entry into force of this Protocol.
Article 7
National policy programmes and strategies
Parties shall promptly develop national programmes, policies and strategies for implementing the obligations under this Protocol, which will help to combat and reduce VOC emissions or their transboundary flows.
Article 8
Exchange of information and annual reports
1. Parties shall exchange information by informing the Executive Body of the national policies, strategies and programmes that they develop in accordance with Article 7 and by reporting to the Executive Body on the progress made in the implementation of such programmes, policies and strategies and, where appropriate, on the changes made therein. In the first year following the entry into force of this Protocol, each Party shall submit a report on the level of VOC emissions in its territory and on any OTAG that would be part of it, globally and, to the extent possible, by sector of origin and VOC, in accordance with directives to be specified by the Executive Body for 1988 or any other year that has been determined as a base year for the purposes of Article 2.2 and on the basis of
2. In addition, each Party will report annually on:
(a) the issues listed in paragraph 1 for the previous calendar year, and the revisions to the reports already submitted for previous years;
(b) the progress made in the application of national emission standards and the pollution control techniques prescribed in paragraph 3 of Article 2;
(c) measures taken to facilitate the exchange of technology.
3. In addition, Parties in the geographic area of EEMEP activities shall provide, at intervals to be specified by the Executive Body, information on VOC emissions by sector of origin, with a spatial resolution, to be specified by the Executive Body, responding for the purpose of modelling the formation and transport of secondary photochemical oxidant products.
4. This information is provided, as far as possible, in accordance with a uniform reporting framework.
Article 9
Calculations
Using appropriate models and measures, EEMEP provides relevant information on the long-range transport of ozone in Europe at the annual meetings of the Executive Body. In areas outside the geographic area of EEM activities, models adapted to the particular circumstances of the Parties to the Convention in these regions are used.
Article 10
Technical annexes
The annexes to this Protocol are an integral part of the Protocol. Appendix I is of a mandatory nature, while annexes II, III and IV are of a recommended nature.
Article 11
Amendments to the Protocol
1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2. Proposals for amendments are submitted in writing to the Executive Secretary of the Commission, who communicates them to all Parties. The Executive Body shall consider the amendment proposals at its next annual meeting, provided that the Executive Secretary has distributed them to the Parties at least 90 days in advance.
3. Amendments to the Protocol, other than amendments to its annexes, shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a meeting of the Executive Body, and shall enter into force with respect to the Parties that have accepted them on the ninetieth day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance of these amendments. Amendments shall enter into force in respect of any Party that has accepted them after two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance of these amendments, on the ninetieth day after the date on which the Party has deposited its instrument of acceptance of the amendments.
4. Amendments to the annexes shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a meeting of the Executive Body and shall take effect on the thirtieth day after the date on which they were communicated in accordance with paragraph 5 of this Article.
5. The amendments referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall be communicated to all Parties by the Executive Secretary as soon as possible after their adoption.
Article 12
Settlement of disputes
If a dispute arises between two or more Parties with respect to the interpretation or application of this Protocol, these Parties shall seek a solution by negotiation or by any other method of dispute resolution that they consider acceptable.
Article 13
Signature
1. This Protocol shall be open for signature by the States members of the Commission as well as by the States with consultative status with the Commission pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947, and by regional economic integration organizations constituted by the sovereign States members of the Commission, having jurisdiction to negotiate, conclude and apply international agreements in the matters covered by this Protocol, subject to the inclusion of the States and organizations concerned as Parties to the Geneva Convention
2. In matters falling within their jurisdiction, these regional economic integration organizations exercise their rights in their own right and carry out their responsibilities under this Protocol to their Member States. In such cases, States members of these organizations cannot exercise these rights individually.
Article 14
Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession
1. This Protocol is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval of Signatories.
2. This Protocol shall be open to the accession of the States and organizations referred to in Article 13, paragraph 1, beginning on 22 May 1992.
Article 15
Depositary
Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who acts as depositary.
Article 16
Entry into force
1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
2. With respect to each State or organization referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 13 ratifying, accepting or approving this Protocol or acceding to it after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol enters into force on the ninetieth day after the date of the deposit by that Party of its instument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
Article 17
Denunciation
At any time after the expiry of a five-year period beginning on the date on which this Protocol enters into force with respect to a Party, that Party may denounce the Protocol by written notification to the Depositary. The denunciation shall take effect on the ninetieth day after the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on any other later date that may be specified in the notification of denunciation.
Article 18
Faithful texts
The original of this Protocol, whose English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, to this duly authorized, have signed this Protocol.
DONE in Geneva on the eighteenth day of November, nine hundred and ninety-one.

Annex I
TROPOSPHERIC OZONE MANAGEMENT (ZGOT) DESIGNED
The following ZGOTs are specified for the purposes of this Protocol:
Canada
ZGOT #1: Lower Fraser Valley in British Columbia Province
This is a portion of 16,800 km2 the Fraser Valley in the south-west part of British Columbia province, on average, 80 km wide and extending over 2000 km from the mouth of the Fraser River in the Strait of Georgia in Boothroyd, British Columbia. It is limited to the south by the international border between Canada and the United States and encompasses the regional district of the Vancouver agglomeration.
ZGOT #2: Corridor Windsor-Québec in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec
Area of 157,000 km2 consisting of an average band of 1,100 km long and 140 km wide, extending from the city of Windsor (in front of the city of Detroit in the United States) in the province of Ontario to the city of Quebec, in the province of Quebec. The Windsor-Québec Corridor ZGOT extends along the north shore of the Great Lakes and the St.Lawrence River, Ontario, and on both sides of the St.Lawrence, from the Ontario-Québec border to the city of Quebec, in the province of Quebec. It includes urban centres in Windsor, London, Hamilton, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Trois-Rivières and Quebec.
Norway
The entire Norwegian territory and the exclusive economic zone south of 62° North latitude, in the Economic Commission for Europe (EEC) region, covering an area of 466,000 km2.

ANNEX II
REDUCTION MEASURES FOR VOLATIL (VOC) ORGANIC COMPOSE EMISSIONS
INTRODUCTION
1. The purpose of this annex is to assist Parties to the Convention in identifying the best available technologies to enable them to meet the obligations under the Protocol.
2. Production and cost information is based on the official documentation of the Executive Body and its subsidiary bodies, including documents received and reviewed by the VOC Task Force from stationary sources. Unless otherwise stated, the listed techniques are considered to be well-established given the experience gained in their application.
3. The use of new products and plants with low-emission techniques, as well as the adaptation of existing facilities, continues to grow; It will therefore be necessary to supplement and amend the schedule periodically. The best available technologies identified for new facilities can be applied to existing facilities after an adequate transition period.
4. The Appendix lists a number of measures covering a range of costs and returns. The choice of measures to be applied in a particular case will depend on several factors, including economic circumstances, technical infrastructure and any ongoing operation to control VOC emissions.
5. This annex generally does not take into account the specific VOC species emitted from different sources, but deals with the best available VOC reduction technologies. As for certain sources, it is worth considering giving priority to activities that emit reactive VOCs rather than non-reactive VOCs (e.g. in the sector that uses solvents). However, when designing these specific measures to certain compounds, other environmental effects (e.g. changing the global climate) and human health should also be considered.
I. PRINCIPAL ORIGINAS OF VOC EMISSIONS
6. Artificial emissions of VOCs other than methane from stationary sources mainly originate from:
(a) Solvent use;
(b) Oil industry, including handling of petroleum products;
(c) The organic chemistry industry;
(d) Small combustion homes (e.g. domestic heating and small industrial boilers);
(e) Food industry;
(f) Surgery;
(g) Waste handling and processing;
(h) Agriculture.
7. The order in which these sources are listed reflects their general importance subject to uncertainties related to emission inventories.
The distribution of VOC emissions by their source depends to a large extent on areas of activity in the territory of each State Party.
II. GENERAL OPTIONS FOR THE REDUCTION OF VOC EMISSIONS
8. There are several possibilities to control or prevent VOC emissions. Measures to reduce VOC emissions are focused on products and/or process changes (including maintenance and control of operations), as well as on the adaptation of existing facilities. The following list provides an overview of these measures, which may be applied in isolation or associated:
(a) The replacement of VOCs by other substances, such as the use of aqueous degreasing baths or paints, inks, glues or adhesives containing few VOCs or without VOCs;
(b) Emission reduction through best management practices (good management, preventive maintenance programs) or process modification, such as the use of closed circuit systems for the use, storage and distribution of low boiling organic liquids;
(c) Recycling or recovery of VOCs effectively collected through techniques such as absorption, adsorption, condensation and transmembrane separation; the ideal solution is to reuse organic compounds on site;
(d) The destruction of VOCs effectively collected through techniques such as thermal or catalytic incineration or biological treatment.
9. It is necessary to monitor VOC emission reduction processes to ensure that appropriate measures and practices are properly applied to achieve an effective reduction. The monitoring of reduction processes includes:
(a) The development of an inventory of VOC emission reduction measures listed above that have already been implemented;
(b) Determining the nature and volume of VOC emissions from relevant sources through instruments or other techniques;
(c) Periodic control of the reduction measures implemented to ensure that they continue to be applied effectively;
(d) The submission to the regulatory authorities of periodic reports on aspects (a), (b) and (c) in a harmonized manner;
(e) Comparison of VOC emission reductions in practice with the objectives of the Protocol.
10. Investment and cost figures come from various sources. They are highly specific in each case due to the multiple factors involved. If the cost per ton of VOC emission reduction is used in the context of a profitability strategy, it should not be forgotten that such specific figures depend to a large extent on factors such as facility capacity, efficiency of disposal processes and concentration of VOCs in crude gases, type of technology and the choice of new facilities instead of a modification of existing facilities. Illustrative costs should also be based on specific process parameters, e.g. mg/m2 treated (paintings), kg/m3 product or kg/unit.
11. Any profitability strategy must be based on total annual costs (including investment and operating costs). On the other hand, the cost of reducing VOC emissions must be considered based on the overall economic characteristics of a process, such as the impact of anti-emission measures and their costs on production costs.
III. TECHNICAL ANTIEMISSIONS
12. Table 1 summarizes the main categories of existing VOC emission reduction techniques. The techniques it has been decided to include in the table have been successfully applied commercially and are now widely adopted. Most of them were applied both in several sectors.
13. Sections IV and V indicate specific techniques of a particular sector, including limitation of solvent content.
14. It should also be ensured that the application of these techniques does not create other ecological problems. If incineration is to be used, it must go hand in hand with energy recovery, where possible.
15. These techniques usually allow for airflows released from concentrations below 150 mg/m3 (total carbon, standard conditions). In most cases, emission values range from 10 to 50 mg/m3.
16. Another common method of destruction of non-halogenated VOCs is to use VOC gas streams as air or secondary fuel in existing energy conversion facilities. However, this usually requires modifications specific to each facility, so that this method is not included in the table below.
17. Performance data are based on concrete experiences and are estimated to reflect the potential of existing facilities.
18. Cost data includes more uncertainty related to the interpretation of costs, accounting methods, and location-specific conditions. The data provided are therefore specific to each case. They include the range of costs for different techniques. However, they accurately reflect the relationship between the costs of different techniques. The cost differences between new or suitable facilities may be quite marked in some cases, but not sufficiently to change the order shown in Table 1.
19. The choice of an anti-emission technique will depend on parameters such as VOC concentration in raw gas, gas flow, VOC type, etc. There can therefore be some overlap between the fields of application, in which case one must choose the technique that best suits the situation. (Table 1.)
IV. SECTORS
20. In this section, each sector producing VOC emissions is characterized by a table showing the main sources of emissions, reduction measures including the best available technologies, their specific performance and the cost of reduction.
21. The table also provides an estimate for each sector of the overall emission reduction potential of VOCs. The maximum reduction potential applies to situations where there is only a low level of reduction.
22. The performance of the specific reduction measures of each process should not be confused with the figures indicating the potential for reduction in each sector. In the first case, it is technical possibility, while in the second, it is taken into account the likely penetration and other factors that occur in each sector. The specific performance of each process is indicated in a qualitative manner as follows:
I = g 95 per cent; II = 80-95 per cent; III = < 80%
23. Costs depend on capacity, site-specific factors, accounting methods and other elements. As a result, costs can be very variable; This is why only qualitative information (medium, low, high) is provided as to the comparative costs of the different technologies mentioned for specific applications. (Table 1.)
A. Use of solvents in industry
24. In many countries, it is the use of solvents in the industry that contributes most to VOC emissions from stationary sources. Table 2 lists the main sectors and possible reduction measures, including the best available technologies, and the performance of reduction schemes, and the best available technology is indicated for each sector. Differences may arise between small and large or new and old installations. This is why the estimated overall reduction potential cited is below the values shown in Table 2. The estimated overall reduction potential for this sector can reach up to 60%. Another way to reduce the potential for ozone episodic formation can be to reformulate the remaining solvents. (Table 2.)
25. With respect to the use of solvents in the industry, three approaches can in principle be applied: a product-oriented approach, which, for example, leads to the re-engineering of the product (peinture, degreasing products, etc.); process modifications; and additional anti-emission technologies.
For certain solvent uses in the industry, only the oriented approach ves the product can be used (building frame, building paint, industrial use of cleaning products, etc.). In all other cases, the product-oriented approach deserves priority, particularly as a result of positive effects on the issue of solvents from the manufacturing industry. In addition, the impact of emissions on the environment can be reduced by combining the best available technology with product reformulation to replace solvents with less harmful substances. In a combined approach of this type, the maximum emission reduction potential, up to 60%, can lead to a significantly greater improvement in environmental proctection.
26. The research continues quickly to develop paints containing little solvent or no solvent, which is among the most cost-effective. For many installations, the association of techniques requiring little solvent and absorption/incineration techniques was chosen. VOC emission reduction measures could be implemented fairly quickly for large-scale industrial paint (e.g., paint of motor vehicles or household appliances). Emissions were reduced to only 60 g/m2 in several countries. It was recognized in several countries that it was technically possible to reduce emissions from new facilities below 20 g/m2.
27. For the degreasing of metal surfaces, we can cite as alternatives the aqueous phase treatment or the use of closed circuit machines with recovery using activated carbon, which give low emissions.
28. For different printing techniques, several methods are used to reduce VOC emissions. They consist mainly of changing inks, modifying the printing process using other printing methods, and purifying the gases. Water ink is used instead of solvent-based inks for paper flexographic printing, and this technique is being developed for plastic printing. There are water inks for certain serigraph and rotogravure works. Drying ink by a offset electron beam eliminates VOCs and is used in packaging printing. For some printing methods, there are ultraviolet dried inks. The best technology available for rotogravure is gas purification using activated carbon absorbers. In the packaging rotogravure, solvent recovery is performed by absorption (zeolites, activated carbon), but incineration and absorption are also used. For thermofixing and coil offset, the thermal or catalytic incineration of the released gases is used. Incineration materials often include a heat recovery unit.
29. For dry cleaning, the best available technology consists of closed-circuit machines with treatment of ventilation air expelled by means of activated carbon filters.
B. Oil industry (table 3)
30. The oil industry is among the sectors that most contribute to VOC emissions from stationary sources. The emissions come from both refineries and distribution networks (including transportation and gasoline distribution stations). The following observations apply to Table 3 and the measures listed also include the best available technology.
31. In refineries, emissions come from combustion of fuels, from burning torch of hydrocarbons, discharges of vacuum installations and leaks of procesus units such as flanges and fittings, open lines and sampling systems. Other important VOC emissions in refineries and related activities come from storage, wastewater treatment processes, loading/unloading facilities such as ports, road and rail installations, pipeline terminals, and periodic operations such as stops, interviews and start-ups (full revisions of process units).
32. Emissions that occur during the general revision of treatment units can be controlled by channeling vapours to recovery devices or by ensuring their torch-controlled combustion.
33. Emissions from vacuum distillation can be controlled by a steam condensation device or by channeling them to boilers or heating installations.
34. Emissions due to leakage of gas/vapour or light liquid manufacturing equipment may be reduced or prevented (e.g. automatic control valves, manual valves, regulators, sampling systems, pumps, compressors, flanges and connectors) by regularly running leak detection and repair programs and by preventive maintenance. Equipment (e.g. valves, trims, seals, pumps, etc.) with significant leaks can be replaced by more waterproof equipment. For example, manual or automatic control valves can be replaced by similar valves equipped with bellow fillings. Gas/vapour and light liquid pumps can be equipped with double mechanical joints with controlled degassing vents. Compressors can be equipped with barrier fluid seals that prevent the fluid from escaping into the atmosphere and devices that send to the torch the emissions due to the leaks of compressor joints.
35. Limiting pressure valves for VOC-containing environments may be connected to a gas collection system, and gases collected in process kilns or torch.
36. VOC emissions can be reduced due to the storage of crude oil and petroleum products by installing a floating roof inside the fixed roof tanks or by doubling the floating roof tanks with a secondary seal.
37. VOC emissions from gasoline storage and other light liquid components can be reduced by several means. Fixed roof tanks can be equipped with an internal floating roof with primary and secondary seals or connected to a closed ventilation system with an effective control device, for example for steam recovery, torch burning or burning in boilers. External floating roof tanks with a primary seal may be fitted with a secondary seal and/or supplemented by a fixed hermetic roof and a pressure limit valve connected to the torch.
38. VOC emissions related to wastewater handling and processing can be reduced in several ways. Hydraulic seal controls can be installed, as well as junction boxes equipped with hermetic covers, in drain systems. A completely hermetic evacuation network can also be foreseen. Oil-water separators, including separating tanks, screeds, spills, gravel chambers, mud hoppers and oil recovery systems to retract, can be equipped with fixed roofs and closed ventilation systems that send the vapours to a device designed to recover or destroy VOC vapours. Oil-water separators of floating roofs can still be equipped with primary and secondary seals. An effective reduction of VOC emissions from wastewater treatment facilities can be ensured by sending oil from manufacturing equipment to oil recovery systems to be retracted, so as to reduce oil flow in the wastewater treatment facility. The arrival water temperature can also be controlled to reduce emissions in the atmosphere.
39. The gasoline storage and distribution sector offers a high reduction potential. The anti-emission measures applied from gasoline loading to refinery (through intermediate terminals) until delivery to distribution stations correspond to phase I; the reduction of emissions from fuelling of petrol vehicles to distribution stations corresponds to phase II (see para. 33 of Annex III on measures to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from motorized road vehicles.
40. Phase I reduction measures are to balance the vapour circuits and to collect the vapours when loading the gasoline and then recover them in appropriate devices. On the other hand, gasoline vapours collected at distribution stations during the unloading of tank trucks can be returned and recovered in appropriate devices.
41. Phase II is to balance the steam circuits between the vehicle fuel tank and the buried tank of the distribution station.
42. The combination of Stage II and Stage I is the best available technology to reduce evaporation emissions in gasoline distribution. A complementary way to reduce VOC emissions from fuel storage and handling facilities is to reduce the volatility of VOCs.
43. The overall reduction potential in the oil industry sector can reach 80%. This maximum can be achieved only in cases where the current emission reduction level is low.
C. Organic Chemistry Industry
44. The chemical industry also contributes significantly to VOC emissions from stationary sources. These emissions, of different kinds, are made up of very varied pollutants due to the diversity of products and manufacturing processes. The emissions resulting from the processes are divided between the following main subcategories: emissions from the reaction process, emissions from air oxidation and distillation, emissions from other separation processes. Other notable sources of emissions are leaks, and storage and transfer operations (loading/unloading).
45. In new facilities, process modification and/or use of new ones can often significantly lower emissions. The so-called "adsorption, absorption and thermal or catalytic incineration techniques are, in many cases, alternative or complementary technologies. To reduce evaporation losses from storage tanks and emissions from loading and unloading facilities, the recommended measures for the oil industry can be applied (Table 3). Table 4 lists emission control measures, including the best available technologies, as well as process-related reduction devices.
46. In the organic chemistry industry, the overall potential for achievable reduction can reach 70% from the industrial sector and the extent to which reduction techniques and practices are applied.
D. Fixed combustion sources
47. To maximize the reduction of VOC emissions from stationary combustion sources, fuel must be used rationally at the national level (Table 5). It is also important to ensure effective combustion of fuel through the use of sound operating methods, high efficiency combustion appliances and advanced combustion control systems.
48. For small households in particular, it is still possible to significantly reduce emissions, especially during the combustion of solid fuels. In general, VOC emissions can be reduced by replacing the old furnaces and old boilers and/or replacing the fuel used by the gas. The replacement of single-piece heating stoves by central heating systems and/or the replacement of individual heating systems generally reduce pollution; However, the overall energy efficiency must be taken into account. Gas conversion is a very effective measure to reduce emissions, provided that the distribution system is waterproof.
49. In most countries, the potential for reducing VOC emissions in power plants is negligible. Without knowing with certainty how the equipment and fuels will be replaced, it is not possible to give figures regarding the overall emission reduction potential and the associated costs.
E. Food industry
50. The food industry uses a wide range of processes emitting VOCs in small and large facilities (Table 6). The main sources of VOC emissions are:
(a) Production of alcoholic beverages.
(b) Bakery.
(c) Extraction of vegetable oils with mineral oils.
(d) Extraction of animal fats.
Alcohol is the main VOC issued by (a) and (b). Aliphatic hydrocarbons are the main VOCs emitted by c).
51. There are other potential sources:
(a) Sugar industry and use of sugar.
(b) Coffee roast and nuts.
(c) Friture (red potatoes, chips, etc.).
(d) Preparation of fish flour.
(e) Preparation of cooked dishes, etc.
52. VOC emissions are usually odorous, low concentration with high volume flow and water content. This is why biofilters were used as a emission reduction technique. But conventional techniques such as absorption, absorption, thermal incineration and catalytic incineration were also used. The main advantage of biofilters is their low operating cost compared to other techniques. However, periodic maintenance is required.
53. In large fermentation facilities and industrial bakeries, alcohol can be recovered by condensation.
54. Emissions of aliphatic hydrocarbons resulting from oil extraction are minimized by the use of closed cycles and good management of facilities to avoid leaks of valves and seals, etc. Oil extraction of oil from oily seeds requires very variable amounts of mineral oil. Olive oil can be extracted mechanically, which does not require mineral oil.
55. It is estimated that the overall potential for technologically feasible reduction in the food industry can reach 35%. (Table 6.)
F. Steel (including ferro-alloys, molding, etc.)
56. In the steel industry, VOC emissions come from various sources:
(a) Processing of raw materials (coking; production of agglomerates: frying, biking and bricking; use of scrap;
(b) Metallurgical reactors (submerged arc furnaces; electric arc furnaces; converters, especially if scrap metal is used; cubilots (open); high furnaces);
(c) Handling of products (moulding; heat-heating furnaces; laminators).
57. By decreasing the carbon content of raw materials (e.g. on agglomeration strips), the emission potential of VOCs is reduced.
58. In the case of open metallurgical reactors, VOC emissions can occur, especially if contaminated scrap and pyrolysis conditions are used. Particular attention should be paid to the collection of gas from loading and casting operations to minimize the emissions of VOCs due to leakage.
59. Particular attention should be paid to scrap contaminated with oils, greases, paints, etc., and to the separation of dust (non-metallic parts) and metallic parts.
60. Processing of products usually causes emissions from leakage. In the case of molding, pyrolysis gas emissions occur, especially from sands agglomerated by an organic binder. These emissions can be reduced by choosing low-emission binding resins or/or by reducing the quantity of binders as much as possible. Biofilters were tried on these pyrolysis gases. The filtration allows to reduce oil fogs to low levels in the air of maninion laminators.
61. Cokeries are an important source of VOC emissions. Emissions come from the following causes: gas leakage from coke furnaces, VOC losses that will normally be directed to an aossicated distillation facility, as well as combustion of coke furnaces and other fuels. The main measures to reduce VOC emissions are: better sealing between oven doors and frames and between mouths and feed pads; maintenance of oven suction even during loading; dry extinction, either by direct cooling with inert gases or by indirect cooling to water; direct disjunction in the dry-extinguishing tower and use of effective hoods during the dividing operations.
G. Waste handling and treatment
62. With respect to household waste management, the main objectives are to reduce the quantity of waste produced and the volume to be processed.
In addition, waste treatment must be optimized from an ecological perspective.
63. If landfills are used, measures to combat VOC emissions in the treatment of domestic waste must be associated with effective gas collection (especially methane).
64. These emissions may be destroyed (incineration). Another solution is to purge the gas (organic oxidation, absorption, activated carbon, adsorption), which can then be used to produce energy.
65. Industrial waste dumps containing VOCs produce VOC emissions. This should be taken into account in the development of waste management policies.
66. The overall reduction potential is estimated at 30%, but the figure includes methane.
H. Agriculture
67. The main sources of VOC emissions in the agricultural sector are:
(a) Burning agricultural waste, especially straw and scab;
(b) Use of organic solvents in pesticide preparations;
(c) The anaerobic delegation of livestock and animal waste.
68. VOC emission reductions are:
(a) Controlled removal of straw, replacing the current practice of open air burning;
(b) As low as possible use of pesticides with high organic solvent content, and/or use of aqueous phase emulsions and preparations;
(c) composting waste, straw-fumier mixture, etc.;
(d) The reduction of gases from animal premises, manure drying facilities, etc., through biofilters, adsorption, etc.
69. In addition, changes to food composition reduce the emissions of gas by animals, and it is possible to recover these gases to use them as fuel.
70. VOC emission reductions from agriculture are not currently available.
V. Outputs
71. When the reduction of VOC emissions by specific stechniques is not possible, the only way to reduce these emissions and change the composition of the products used. The main sectors and products involved are: adhesives used in households, light industry, workshops and offices; domestic paints; household and toilet products; office products such as liquid proofreaders, and car maintenance products. In any other case where products such as those just mentioned (e.g. painting, light industry), it is far better to modify the composition of the products.
72. Measures to reduce VOC emissions of such products are:
(a) Product replacement.
(b) Product reformulation.
(c) Changing the packaging of products, especially for reformulated products.
73. Instruments to influence market choice include:
(a) Labelling, to ensure that consumers are well informed of VOC content.
(b) Encouragement active in the use of low-VOC products (e.g., the Blue Angel system).
(c) Tax incentives related to VOC content.
74. The effectiveness of these measures depends on the VOC content of the products considered as well as the existing and acceptability of alternatives.
Before reformulating products, it is necessary to ensure that new products do not create problems elsewhere (e.g., increased emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
75. VOC products are used for both industrial and domestic purposes. In each case, the use of low solvent replacement products may require changes in application equipment and working methods.
76. Paints commonly used for industrial and domestic purposes have an average solvent content of about 25% to 60%. For most uses, low- or zero solvent replacement products exist or are under development:
For the consultation of the table, see image
The adoption of other types of paint should result in a global reduction in VOC emissions of approximately 45 to 60%.
77. Most adhesive products are used in the industry, while domestic use is less than 10%. About 25% of the adhesives used contain solvents containing VOCs. The solvent content of these adhesives is very variable and can reach half the weight of the product. In several areas of application, there are replacement products containing little or no solvent at all. This source category therefore offers a high reduction potential.
78. Ink is mainly used in industrial printing processes, with very variable solvent content, up to 95%. For most printing processes, low solvent inks exist or are being developed, especially for paper printing (see para. 28).
79. Approximately 40% to 60% of VOC emissions from consumer products (including office products and products used for the maintenance of motor vehicles) come from aerosols. There are three key ways to reduce VOC emissions from consumer products:
(a) Replacement of propellant gases and use of mechanical pumps.
(b) Reformulation.
(c) Modification of conditioning.
80. The potential to reduce VOC emissions from consumer products is estimated at 50%.

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ANNEX III
MEASURES FOR REDUCTION OF VOLATIL (VOC) ORGANIC COMPOSES
PROVENANT OF ROAD VEHICLES
INTRODUCTION
1. This annex is based on information on the results and costs of emission reduction measures contained in the official documentation of the Executive Body and its subsidiary bodies; the report entitled “Volatile organic compounds from road vehicles: sources and reduction options” prepared for the Working Group on Volatile Organic Compounds; documentation of the Inland Transport Committee of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and its subsidiary bodies (in particular documents TRANS/SC1/WP.29/R.242, 486 and 506); and also on additional information provided by experts designated by Governments.
2. It will be necessary to supplement and amend this annex periodically based on the progressive experience gained with new vehicles equipped with low emission devices and the development of alternative fuels, as well as the adaptation of existing vehicles and the application of other strategies to these vehicles. This annex cannot be a comprehensive statement of all technical options; The purpose of the Protocol is to assist Parties in identifying economically feasible technologies to meet their obligations under the Protocol. Until other data is available, it only covers road vehicles.
I. PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF VOC EMISSIONS PROVENING ROAD VEHICLES
3. VOC emission sources from motor vehicles are: (a) emissions from the exhaust pipe; (b) evaporation and fuel supply emissions; (c) Crankcase emissions
4. Road tranports (excluding the distribution of gasoline) are one of the main sources of anthropogenic VOC emissions in most of the EEC countries, their contribution representing 30 to 45% of the total VOC emissions due to human activity throughout the EEC region. The gasoline vehicle is by far the largest source of VOC emissions due to traffic (of which 30 to 50% are evaporation emissions). Emissions by evaporation and emissions during fuel refuelling are mainly due to the use of gasoline and are required for negligible in the case of diesel fuels.
II. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE REDUCTION TECHNICALS OF VOC EMISSIONS PROVENING ROAD VEHICLES
5. The motor vehicles referred to in this annex are passenger cars, vans, heavy road vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds.
6. While this annex deals with both new and current vehicles, it focuses on reducing VOC emissions from new vehicle types.
7. This annex also provides guidance on how changes in gasoline characteristics affect evaporative VOC emissions. The replacement of fuel (e.g. natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or methanol) also reduces VOC emissions, but this possibility is not discussed in this annex.
8. The cost figures for the various techniques indicated are estimates of manufacturing costs rather than retail prices.
9. It is important to ensure that vehicle design meets existing emission standards. This can be done by ensuring conformity of production, durability throughout the period of use, guaranteeing equipment to reduce emissions and recalling defective vehicles. For vehicles in use, the maintenance of emission reduction results can also be ensured by an effective inspection and maintenance program and by measures to prevent fraudulent manipulation and the use of defective fuels.
10. It is possible to reduce emissions from vehicles under use through programs such as reducing fuel evaporation, economic incentives to encourage the accelerated introduction of desirable technologies, the use of low-oxygenated fuels (for rich-mixed engines) and adaptation measures. The reduction in fuel evaporation is the only most effective measure that can be taken to reduce VOC emissions from vehicles in use.
11. Techniques involving catalytic pots require the use of leadless fuel. It is therefore necessary to ensure that unleaded gasoline is available everywhere.
12. Although not discussed in detail in this annex, measures to reduce emissions of VOCs and others through the development of urban curculation or long distance curculation are an additional effective means for this purpose. The main traffic development measures aim to improve the modal distribution by tactical, structural, financial and restrictive provisions.
13. VOC emissions from motor vehicles that have not been subject to any reduction measures have a significant amount of toxic compounds, some of which are known to be carcinogenic. The application of VOC emission reduction technique (e.g. exhaust emissions, evaporation, fuel supply or crankcase) generally reduces these toxic emissions in the same proportion as VOCs. Toxic emissions can also be reduced by changing certain fuel parameters, for example by reducing the benzene content of gasoline.
III. REDUCTION TECHNICALS FOR EMISSIONS TO EHAPPEMENT
(a) Special cars and petrol-powered vans
14. Table 1 lists key VOC emission reduction techniques.
15. The comparison base in Table 1 is technical option B, which represents a non-catalytic technology designed to meet the requirements adopted in the United States in 1973/1974 or UNECE Regulation 15-04 in accordance with the 1958 Agreement on the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Registration and the Reciprocal Recognition of the Approval of Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts. The table also presents achievable emission rates with open or closed loop catalytic pots and their cost implications.
16. The "without emission reduction" rate (A) in Table 1 applies to the situation in 1970 in the EEC region, but it may still be valid in some areas.
17. The emission rate in Table 1 reflects the emissions measured using standard test methods. Emissions from vehicles on the road can be significantly different from ambient temperature, operating conditions, fuel characteristics and maintenance. However, the reduction potential shown in Table 1 is considered to be representative of achievable reductions.
18. The best available technology is option D, which significantly reduces the emissions of VOCs, COs and NOx.
19. To comply with the new VOC emission reductions (e.g. in Canada and the United States), upgraded three-way and closed-loop catalytic pots are being developed (E option). These improvements will focus on more efficient engine management systems, better catalysts, on-board diagnostic systems and other improvements. These systems will become the best available techniques by the mid-1990s.
20. Vehicles equipped with a two-stroke engine, which are currently used in certain parts of Europe, are a separate category; these vehicles currently have very high VOC emissions. Two-stroke engine hydrocarbon emissions are generally between 4.0 and 73.7 grams per test, depending on the European driving cycle. The engine is currently being modified and equipped with a catalytic potting device. Data on potential reductions and sustainability of these solutions is needed. In addition, various types of two-time engines likely to have low emissions are currently being developed.
(b) Part-time cars and diesel engine trucks
21. VOC emissions from passenger cars and diesel-powered vans are very low, generally lower than those of gasoline vehicles equipped with a closed-loop catalytic pot.
However, particulate and NOx emissions are higher.
22. No ERC country currently has a strict VOC reduction program from the exhaust of diesel-powered heavyweights because their VOC emission rates are generally low. However, many countries have adopted particle emission reduction programs from diesel fuel and the technique applied to this effect (e.g., the improvement of the combustion chamber or injection system) has the net final result of also lowering VOC emissions.
23. It is estimated that the emission rates of VOCs from the exhaust of heavy diesel engines will be reduced by two thirds if an energetic particle emission reduction program is applied.
24. VOCs issued by diesel engines are different from those from petrol engines.
(c) Motorcycles and mopeds
25. Table 2 summarizes VOC emission reduction techniques from motorcycles. It is normally possible to meet the requirements of the existing UNECE Regulation (R.40) without applying reduction techniques. Future Austrian and Swiss standards may require oxidant catalytic pots especially for two-stroke engines.
26. On two-stroke mopeds with a small oxidizing catalytic pot, it is possible to reduce VOC emissions by 90% at an additional cost of 30 to 50 US dollars. In Austria and Switzerland the existing standards already require the application of this technique.
IV. REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR EMISSIONS BY EVAPORATION AND RAVITAILLMENT LORS
27. Evaporation emissions consist of fuel vapour emitted from the engine and the power supply. The following emissions are distinguished:
(a) diurnal emissions resulting from the "respiration" of the fuel tank as it is heated and cooled during the day;
(b) emissions by depletion of engine heat after it has been stopped;
(c) leaks from the power supply system while the vehicle is in operation; and (d) loss of rest, for example from open-bottom filter cartridges (if applicable) or certain plastics of the feeding circuit that would be subject to leakage due to permeability, the gasoline slowly passing the plastic.
28. The most commonly used technique to reduce evaporation emissions from petrol-powered vehicles involves an active coal cartridge (with related pipeline) and a purge system to achieve controlled combustion of VOCs in the engine.
29. Based on the expertise gained in the United States with the programs in force, evaporative emission reduction systems did not deliver the expected results, especially during peak ozone days. This is due in part to the fact that the volatility of the generally used gasoline is much higher than that of the fuel used in the registration tests, and also to the fact that an inadequate test method has resulted in the use of an unsatisfactory reduction technique. The evaporative emission reduction programme that the United States will implement in the 1990s will focus on the summer use of less volatile fuels and an improved test method to encourage advanced evaporative emission reduction systems that will reduce emissions from the four sources mentioned above in paragraph 27. In countries where available gasoline is very volatile, the most cost-effective measure to reduce VOC emissions is to lower the volatility of generally used gasoline.
30. In general, any effective evaporative emission reduction policy must include: (a) a reduction in gasoline volatility, adapted to climate conditions; and (b) an appropriate test method.
31. Table 3 lists reduction options, reduction potentials and estimated costs, Option B representing the best reduction technique currently available. Option C will soon be available technical stretch and will represent a considerable improvement over option B.
32. Fuel savings from evaporative emission reductions are estimated at less than 2%. These savings are due to higher energy density, lower fuel vapour pressure according to Reid and combustion - which replaces evacuation - of captized vapours.
33. In principle, fuel supply emissions can be recovered by pump (second phase) systems or by vehicle-mounted systems. Reducing systems in gasoline distribution stations use an already well-controlled technique, while onboard systems have been tested for demonstrations on several prototypes.
The issue of safety in use of onboard steam recovery systems is currently under consideration. It may be appropriate to develop functional safety standards in conjunction with on-board steam recovery systems to ensure safety at the design stage. The second phase reduction measures can be implemented more quickly as it is possible to equip the distribution stations within a given perimeter with corresponding systems. The second phase reduction measures benefit all petrol vehicles while onboard systems only benefit new vehicles.
34. Although evaporation emissions from motorcycles and mopeds are not yet subject to control in the EEC region, the same reduction techniques can generally be applied as for petrol-powered vehicles.
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ANNEX IV
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLATIL BODIES (VOCs)
OZONE CREATION POTENTIEL
PHOTOCHIMIC (PCOP)
1. This annex summarizes the available information and outlines the remaining elements to be developed in order to guide the work to be carried out. It is based on information on hydrocarbons and ozone formation contained in two notes for the Working Group on Volatile Organic Compounds (EB.AIR/WG.4/R.11 and R.13/Rev.1), on the results of other research conducted in particular in Austria, Canada, the United States of America, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden and the Meteorological Synthesis Centre
2. The purpose of the PCOP approach is to provide a guide for regional and national policies to combat volatile organic compounds (VOCs) taking into account the impact of each VOC species and VOC emissions by sectors in the formation of ozone episodes; This contribution is expressed in the form of a photochemical ozone creation potential (PCOP), which is defined as: modification of photochemical ozone production as a result of a change in the emission of a particular VOC. The PCOP can be determined by model calculations or laboratory experiments. It serves to illustrate various aspects of oxidant formation during episodes, such as ozone peaks or cumulative ozone production during an episode.
3. The concept of PCOP is presented here because there are great differences in the respective contribution of different VOCs in the production of ozone episodes. This concept has a fundamental element, namely that, in the presence of solar light and NOx, each VOC produces ozone in a similar way, although the circumstances under which ozone is produced are very variable.
4. Different calculations on photochemical models indicate that VOC and NOx emissions need to be significantly reduced (in proportions above 50%) to significantly reduce ozone formation. In addition, when VOC emissions are reduced, the maximum ozone concentrations near the ground are reduced to less than proportional. The principle of this effect is indicated by theoretical calculations of scenarios. When all species are reduced in the same proportion, the maximum ozone values (over 75 ppb per hour on average) in Europe are reduced by only 10% to 15%, depending on the existing ozone level, if the overall amount of anthropogenic emissions of VOCs other than methane is reduced by 50%. However, if the anthropogenic emissions of VOC species, other than methane, were reduced by 50% (in terms of PCOP and mass value or reactivity), the calculations would show a decrease of 20% to 30% of the ozone peaks of the episodes.
This result confirms the benefits of the PCOP method to establish a priority order in the fight against VOC emissions and clearly shows that VOCs can at least be divided into major categories according to their importance in the formation of ozone episodes.
5. The PCOP values and reactivity scales were calculated as estimates, each estimate being based on a specific scenario (e.g., emission increases and decreases, air mass trajectories) and directed towards a specific objective (e.g. ozone peak, integrated ozone, mean ozone). PCOP values and reactivity scales are chemical processes. There are clearly differences between PCOP estimates, which may in some cases exceed 400 per cent. PCOP figures are not constant, but vary in space and time. Thus, for the PCOP of orthoxylene in what is called the "France-Sweden" trajectory, the calculations give a value of 41 on the first day and 97 on the fifth day of the course time. According to the calculations of the EEMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centre West, the Orthoxylene PCOP for an ozone concentration greater than 60 ppb varies between 54 and 112 (5 to 95 percentiles) for the EMEP grid. The variation of the PCOP in time and space is not only due to the anthropogenic emissions of VOCs that make up the volume of air, but also due to weather variations. In fact, any reactive VOCs can contribute to the episodic formation of photochemical oxidants in more or less large proportions, depending on the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and VOCs and also on meteorological parameters. Highly reactive hydrocarbons such as methane, methanol, ethanol and some chlorinated hydrocarbons have virtually no part in this process. There are also differences resulting from weather variations between specific days and across Europe. The PCOP values implicitly depend on how emission inventories are calculated. There is currently no homogeneous method or information for all Europe. Clearly, the PCOP method must be further improved.
6. Natural emissions of isoprene from the leaflets, associated with nitrogen oxides (NOx) originating mainly from anthropogenic sources, can contribute significantly to ozone formation when the weather is hot in the summer in areas where the leaflets cover a vast area.
7. In Table 1, VOC species are grouped according to their importance in the production of ozone peaks during episodes. Three groups were selected. The degree of importance is expressed on the basis of the emission of VOCs by global unitary quantity. Some hydrocarbons such as n-butane are important because of the overall quantity emitted, although they may seem unimportant according to their reactivity with OH radicals.
8. Tables 2 and 3 show the impact of different VOCs expressed in indices relative to the impact of a species (ethylene) to which index 100 is attributed. They show how these indices, i.e., PCOPs, can guide the assessment of the impact of different VOC emission reductions.
9. Table 2 shows the average PCOP for each large source category based on a central PCOP estimate for each VOC species in each source category. To prepare and present this table, emission inventories were used independently in the United Kingdom and Canada. For many sources, such as motor vehicles, combustion plants and many industrial processes, there are emissions of hydrocarbon mixtures. In most cases, there are no measures to specifically reduce VOCs defined as highly reactive in the PCOP method. In practice, most possible reduction measures will reduce emissions by aggregate quantities regardless of their PCOP.
10. Table 3 compares different weighting systems for a number of VOC species. To establish a priority order in a national VOC control program, may use a number of indexes related to specific VOCs. The simplest but least effective method is to focus on the emission of relative quantities, i.e. relative concentration in ambient air.
11. The relative weighting based on reactivity with OH radicals takes into account some (but certainly not all) important aspects of atmospheric reactions that produce ozone in the presence of NOx and solar light. The SAPRC weights (Statewide Air Pollution Research Centre) correspond to the situation in California. The conditions of the models that are suitable for the Los Angeles basin and those that are suitable for Europe are not the same, the photochemically labial species such as aldehydes are very different. The PCOPs calculated using photochemical models in the United States of America, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Sweden, as well as within the framework of the EEMEP (SM-O) take into account the different aspects of the ozone problem in Europe.
12. Some of the less reactive solvents pose other problems: they are, for example, extremely harmful to human health, difficult to manipulate, tenacious, and may have negative effects on the environment at other levels (e.g. in the free troposphere or stratosphere). In many cases, the best technique available to reduce solvent emissions is to apply systems that do not use solvents.
13. Reliable inventories of VOC emissions are essential for the development of VOC policies that are cost-effective, particularly when it comes to policies based on the PCOP method. National VOC emission data should therefore be disaggregated by sectors, following at least the guidelines specified by the Governing Body, and should be supplemented as much as possible by data on VOC species and changes in emissions over time.
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