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REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA
THE LEGITIMACY ACT
CHAPTER 52 OF THE LAWS OF ZAMBIA
CHAPTER 52 THE LEGITIMACY ACT
THE LEGITIMACY ACT
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
Section
1. Short title
2. Interpretation
3. Legitimation by subsequent marriage
4. Legitimacy of children of certain void marriages
5. Legitimacy of children of voidable marriages
6. Declaration of legitimation
7. Rights of legitimated persons, etc., to take interests in property
8. Succession on intestacy of legitimated persons and their issue
9. Application to illegitimate person dying before marriage of parents
10. Personal rights and obligations of legitimated persons
11. Duties
12. Provisions as to persons legitimated by extraneous law
13. Right of illegitimate child and mother of illegitimate child to succeed on
intestacy of the other
14. High Court may make orders as to custody of illegitimate children
15. Applications for affiliation orders
16. Savings
SCHEDULE-Re-registration of births of legitimated persons
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CHAPTER 52
LEGITIMACY
An Act to amend the law relating to children born out of wedlock; and to provide for
matters incidental thereto.
[27th December, 1929]
40 of 1929
22 of 1930
74 of 1965
13 of 1994
8 of 1996
Government Notice
497 of 1964
Statutory Instrument
152 of 1965
1. This Act may be cited as the Legitimacy Act. Short title
2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires- Interpretation
"appointed date" means the 1st January, 1966;
"date of legitimation" means-
(a) in the case of a legitimated person whose father or mother was married to a
third person when he was born, the date of the marriage leading to
legitimation, or where the marriage occurred before the appointed date, the
appointed date; or
(b) in any other case, the date of the marriage leading to the legitimation, or
where the marriage occurred before the commencement of this Act, the
commencement of this Act;
"disposition" means an assurance of any interest in property by any instrument
whether inter vivos or by will;
"intestate" includes a person who leaves a will but dies intestate as to some
beneficial interest in his real or personal estate;
"legitimated person" means a person legitimated by this Act;
"Registrar-General" means the Registrar-General of Births and Deaths appointed
under the provisions of section three of the Births and Deaths Registration
Act;
Cap. 51
"will" includes a codicil.
(No. 74 of 1965)
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3. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, where the parents of an illegitimate
person marry or have married one another, whether before or after the commencement of
this Act, the marriage shall, if the father of the illegitimate person was or is at the date of
the marriage domiciled in the Republic, render that person, if living, legitimate-
Legitimation by
subsequent marriage
(a) in the case of an illegitimate person whose father or mother was married to
a third person when he was born, from the appointed date or from the date
of the marriage whichever last happens; or
(b) in any other case, from the commencement of this Act, or from the date of
the marriage, whichever last happens.
(2) The legitimation of a person under this Act does not enable him or his spouse,
children or remoter issue to take any interest in real or personal property save as is
hereinafter in this Act expressly provided.
(3) The provisions contained in the Schedule shall have effect with respect to the
re-registration of the births of legitimated persons.
(As amended by No. 74 of 1965)
4. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the child of a void marriage, whether
born before or after the appointed date, shall be treated as the legitimate child of his
parents if at the time of the act of intercourse resulting in the birth (or at the time of the
celebration of the marriage if later) both or either of the parties reasonably believed that
the marriage was valid.
Legitimacy of children
of certain void
marriages
(2) This section shall apply, and only apply, where the father of the child was
domiciled in the Republic at the time of the birth or, if he died before the birth, was so
domiciled immediately before his death.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not affect-
(a) any rights under the intestacy of a person who died before the appointed
date;
(b) the operation or construction of any disposition coming into operation
before the appointed date.
(4) In this section, "void marriage" means a marriage, not being voidable only, in
respect of which the High Court has or had jurisdiction to grant a decree of nullity, or
would have or would have had such jurisdiction if the parties were domiciled in the
Republic.
(No. 74 of 1965)
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5. Where a decree of nullity is granted in respect of a voidable marriage, any child
who would have been the legitimate child of the parties to the marriage if it had been
dissolved, instead of being annulled, at the date of the decree shall be deemed to be their
legitimate child notwithstanding the annulment.
(No. 74 of 1965)
Legitimacy of children
of voidable marriages
6. (1) A person claiming that he or his parent or any remoter ancestor became or
has become a legitimated person may, whether domiciled in the Republic or elsewhere,
apply by petition to the High Court praying the Court for a decree declaring that the
petitioner is the legitimated child of his parents; and the High Court shall have jurisdiction
to hear and determine such application and to make such decree as to the Court may
seem just; and such decree shall be binding to all intents and purposes on all persons
whomsoever:
Declaration of
legitimation
Provided that the decree of the said Court shall not in any case prejudice any
person, unless such person has been cited or made a party to the proceedings or is the
heir-at-law or next of kin, or other real or personal representative of or derives title under
or through a person so cited or made a party; nor shall such sentence or decree of the
Court prejudice any person if subsequently proved to have been obtained by fraud or
collusion.
(2) Every petition under this section shall be accompanied by such affidavit verifying
the same, and of the absence of collusion, as the Court may by any general rule direct.
(3) In all proceedings under this section the Court shall have full power to award and
enforce payment of costs to any persons cited, whether such persons shall or shall not
oppose the declaration applied for, in case the said Court shall deem it reasonable that
such costs should be paid.
(4) A copy of every petition under this section, and of the affidavit accompanying the
same, shall, one month at least previously to the presentation or filing of such petition, be
delivered to the Attorney-General, who shall be a respondent upon the hearing of such
petition and upon every subsequent proceeding relating thereto.
(5) Where any application is made under this section to the said Court, such person
or persons (if any) besides the said Attorney-General as the Court shall think fit shall,
subject to the rules made under this section, be cited to see proceedings or otherwise
summoned in such manner as the Court shall direct, and may be permitted to become
parties to the proceedings, and oppose the application.
(6) No proceeding to be had under this section shall affect any final judgment or
decree already pronounced or made by any court of competent jurisdiction.
(As amended by No. 22 of 1930 and S.I. No. 152 of 1965)
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7. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, a legitimated person and his spouse,
children or more remote issue shall be entitled to take any interest-
Rights of legitimated
persons, etc., to take
interests in property
(a) in the estate of an intestate dying after the date of legitimation;
(b) under any disposition coming into operation after the date of legitimation;
(c) by descent under an entailed interest created after the date of legitimation;
in like manner as if the legitimated person had been born legitimate.
(2) Where the right to any property, real or personal, depends on the relative
seniority of the children of any person, and those children include one or more legitimated
persons, the legitimated person or persons shall rank as if he or they had been born on
the day when he or they became legitimated by virtue of this Act, and, if more than one
such legitimated person became legitimated at the same time, they shall rank as between
themselves in order of seniority.
(3) Where property real or personal or any interest therein is limited in such a way
that, if this Act had not come into operation, it would (subject or not to any preceding
limitations or charges) have devolved (as nearly as the law permits) along with a dignity or
title of honour, then nothing in this Act shall operate to sever the property or any interest
therein from such dignity, but the same shall go and devolve (without prejudice to the
preceding limitations or charges aforesaid) in like manner as if this Act had not come into
operation. This subsection applies, whether or not there is any express reference to the
dignity or title of honour and notwithstanding that in some events the property, or some
interest therein, may become severed therefrom.
(4) This section applies only if and so far as a contrary intention is not expressed in
the disposition and shall have effect subject to the terms of the disposition and to the
provisions therein contained.
8. Where a legitimated person or a child or remoter issue of a legitimated person
dies intestate in respect of all or any of his real or personal property, the same persons
shall be entitled to take the same interests therein as they would have been entitled to
take if the legitimated person had been born legitimate.
Succession on
intestacy of legitimated
persons and their
issue
9. Where an illegitimate person dies after the commencement of this Act and
before the marriage of his parents, leaving any spouse, children or remoter issue living at
the date of such marriage, then, if that person would, if living at the time of the marriage of
his parents, have become a legitimated person, the provisions of this Act with respect to
the taking of interests in property by, or in succession to, the spouse, children and remoter
issue of a legitimated person shall apply as if such person as aforesaid had been a
legitimated person and the date of the marriage of his parents had been the date of
legitimation.
(As amended by Act No. 8 of 1996)
Application to
illegitimate person
dying before marriage
of parents
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10. A legitimated person shall have the same rights, and shall be under the same
obligations in respect of the maintenance and support of himself or of any other person as
if he had been born legitimate, and, subject to the provisions of this Act, the provisions of
any Act relating to claims for damages, compensation, allowance, benefit, or otherwise by
or in respect of a legitimate child shall apply in like manner in the case of a legitimated
person.
Personal rights and
obligations of
legitimated persons
11. Where a legitimated person or any relative of a legitimated person takes any
interest in real or personal property, any succession, legacy or other duty which becomes
leviable after the date of legitimation shall be payable at the same rate as if the legitimated
person had been born legitimate.
Duties
12. (1) Where the parents of an illegitimate person marry or have married one
another, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, and the father of the
illegitimate person was or is, at the time of the marriage, domiciled in a country, other than
the Republic, by the law of which the illegitimate person became legitimated by virtue of
such subsequent marriage, that person, if living, shall in the Republic be recognised as
having been so legitimated from the commencement of this Act or from the date of the
marriage, whichever last happens, notwithstanding that his father was not at the time of
the birth of such person domiciled in a country in which legitimation by subsequent
marriage was permitted by law.
Provisions as to
persons legitimated by
extraneous law
(2) All the provisions of this Act relating to legitimated persons and to the taking of
interests in property by or in succession to a legitimated person and the spouse, children
and remoter issue of a legitimated person shall apply in the case of a person recognised
as having been legitimated under this section, or who would, had he survived the marriage
of his parents, have been so recognised; and, accordingly, this Act shall have effect as if
references therein to a legitimated person included a person so recognised as having
been legitimated.
(3) For the purposes of this section, "country" includes any part of the
Commonwealth, as well as a foreign country.
(As amended by S.I. No. 152 of 1965)
13. (1) Where, after the commencement of this Act, the mother of an illegitimate
child, such child not being a legitimated person, dies intestate as respects all or any of her
real or personal property, and does not leave any legitimate issue her surviving, the
illegitimate child, or, if he is dead, his issue, shall be entitled to take any interest therein to
which he or such issue would have been entitled if he had been born legitimate.
Right of illegitimate
child and mother of
illegitimate child to
succeed on intestacy
of the other
(2) Where, after the commencement of this Act, an illegitimate child, not being a
legitimated person, dies intestate in respect of all or any of his real or personal property,
his mother if surviving shall be entitled to take any interest therein to which she would
have been entitled if the child had been born legitimate and she had been the only
surviving parent.
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(3) This section does not apply to or affect the right of any person to take by
purchase or descent any entailed interest in real or personal property.
14. (1) The High Court may, upon the application of either parent of an illegitimate
infant, make such order as it may think fit relating to the custody of such infant and the
right of access thereto of either parent.
High Court may make
orders as to custody of
illegitimate children
(2) Where, upon the hearing of an application under this section, the custody of an
illegitimate infant is in question, the Court, in deciding that question, shall regard the
welfare of such infant as the first and paramount consideration and shall not take into
consideration whether from any other point of view the claim of the father in respect of
such custody is superior to that of the mother, or the claim of the mother is superior to that
of the father.
(3) The High Court may, upon the application of either parent, alter, vary or
discharge any order made under this section and in every case may make such order
respecting the costs of the mother and the liability of the father for the same or otherwise
as to costs as it may think just.
(No. 74 of 1965)
15. An application under section 3 of the Bastardy Laws Amendment Act, 1872, of
the United Kingdom, may be made by a woman who was a single woman at the date of
the birth of the child, whether or not she is a single woman at the time of the application.
(No. 74 of 1965)
Applications for
affiliation orders
16. (1) Nothing in this Act shall affect the succession to any dignity or title of honour
or render any person capable of succeeding to or transmitting a right to succeed to any
such dignity or title.
Savings
(2) Nothing in this Act shall affect the operation or construction of any disposition
coming into operation before the commencement of this Act or affect any rights under the
intestacy of a person dying before the commencement of this Act.
(3) Nothing in any written law by which this Act is amended shall (unless expressly
provided to the contrary therein) affect-
(a) the operation or construction of any disposition coming into operation
before the commencement of such written law; or
(b) any rights under the intestacy of a person dying before the commencement
of such written law.
(As amended by No. 74 of 1965)
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SCHEDULE
(Section 3)
RE-REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS OF LEGITIMATED PERSONS
1. The Registrar-General may, on production of such evidence as appears to him satisfactory,
authorise at any time the re-registration of the birth of a legitimated person whose birth is already
registered under the Births and Deaths Registration Act, and such re-registration shall be effected in
such manner and at such place as the Registrar-General may by regulation prescribe:
Provided that the Registrar-General shall not authorise the re-registration of the birth of any such
person in any case where information with a view to obtaining such re-registration is not furnished to
him by both parents, unless-
(i) the name of the person acknowledging himself to be the father of the legitimated person
has been entered in the register in pursuance of section 15 of the Births and Deaths
Registration Act; or
(ii) the paternity of the legitimated person has been established by an affiliation order or
otherwise by a decree of a court of competent jurisdiction; or
(iii) a declaration of the legitimacy of the legitimated person has been made by the High
Court under section 6.
2. It shall be the duty of the parents of legitimated person, or in the cases where re-registration
can be effected on information furnished by one parent and one of the parents is dead, of the
surviving parent, within the time hereinafter specified, to furnish to the Registrar-General information
with a view to obtaining the re-registration of the birth of that person: that is to say-
(a) if the marriage took place before the commencement of this Act, within six months of
such commencement;
(b) if the marriage takes place after the commencement of this Act, within three months after
the date of the marriage.
3. Where the parents, or either of them, fail to furnish the necessary information within the time
limited for the purpose, the Registrar-General may, at any time after the expiration of that time,
require the parents of a person whom he believes to have been legitimated by virtue of this Act, or
either of them, to give him such information concerning the matter as he may consider necessary,
verified in such manner as he may direct, and for that purpose to attend personally either at his office
or at any other place appointed by him within such time, not being less than seven days after the
receipt of the notice, as may be specified in the notice.
4. The failure of the parents or either of them to furnish information as required by this Schedule in
respect of any legitimated person shall not affect the legitimation of that person.
5. No fee for re-registration under this Schedule shall be charged if the necessary information for
the purpose is furnished within the time above specified; but in any other case there shall be charged
in respect of such re-registration such fees, not exceeding in the aggregate 15 fee units, as may be
prescribed by regulations under this Schedule.
6. This Schedule shall be construed as one with the Births and Deaths Registration Act.
7. If any parent-
(a) refuses or neglects to comply with or acts in contravention of any of the provisions of this
Schedule or any regulations made thereunder: or
(b) being a person required under this Schedule or any regulations made thereunder to
make, sign or deliver any document, makes, signs or delivers, or causes to be made,
signed or delivered a false document; or
(c) refuses to answer, or wilfully gives a false answer to any question necessary for
obtaining the information required to be obtained under this Schedule;
such parent shall be guilty of an offence against this Act and shall for each offence be liable to a
penalty not exceeding 1500 penalty units.
(As amended by No. 22 of 1930 and Act No. 13 of 1994)
Cap. 52
Cap. 52
Cap. 52
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SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION
LEGITIMACY
SECTION 3 (3)-THE RE-REGISTRATION OF BIRTH (LEGITIMATED PERSONS) REGULATIONS
Regulations by the Registrar-General
Government Notices
99 of 1953
497 of 1964
Act No.13 of 1994
1. These Regulations may be cited as the Re-registration of Birth (Legitimated
Persons) Regulations.
Title
2. In these Regulations, "informant" means a parent of a legitimated child whose
duty it is to give information with a view to the re-registration of the birth of such child.
Interpretation
3. Where re-registration is authorised by the Registrar-General, the informant, or, if
there are two informants, such one of them as the Registrar-General may direct, shall,
subject as hereinafter provided, attend personally at the office of the Registrar of Births
and Deaths of the district in which the birth took place within such time as the
Registrar-General may specify, and sign a notice of birth in the presence of the Registrar.
Attendance of
informant before
Registrar
4. (1) The Registrar of the district in which the birth took place, on receiving the
Registrar-General's written authority to re-register the birth of a legitimated person, shall in
the presence of the informant, fill in a new notice of birth, in the manner provided in Form
1 of the First Schedule to the Births and Deaths Registration (General) Rules, and the
informants shall sign the notice in the presence of the Registrar.
Manner and form of
registration
Cap. 51
(2) The Registrar shall enter in the notice of birth the particulars stated in the written
authority as particulars to be entered on the information given to the Registrar-General.
(3) The Registrar shall append to the signature of the informant the description and
residence of such informant as required by the written authority to be entered in the notice
of birth.
(4) The Registrar shall enter the date on which the entry is made, in the manner and
form provided in the Births and Deaths Registration Act in respect of an entry of the date
of birth, followed by the words "On the authority of the Registrar-General".
Cap. 51
(5) The Registrar shall sign the notice of birth and shall append to his signature his
official description.
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5. An informant who has removed before re-registration from the district in which
the birth took place to some other part of the Republic may, with the written consent of the
Registrar-General, instead of attending personally at the office of the Registrar of the
district in which the birth took place, make and sign the notice of birth before the Registrar
of the district where the informant resides, who shall send the same with the authority to
the Registrar of the district in which the birth took place.
Removal within the
Republic
6. (1) An informant who has removed before re-registration from the district in
which the birth took place out of the Republic may, with the consent of the
Registrar-General, instead of attending at the office of the Registrar to sign the notice of
birth, make and sign a declaration in writing of the particulars to be entered in the notice of
birth on the information of such informant.
Removal out of the
Republic
(2) In the case of an informant who is in a Commonwealth country, the declaration
shall be made before a Judge, court, notary public or person lawfully authorised to
administer oaths in such country or place, and in the case of an informant who is in any
other country, the declaration shall be made before the High Commissioner, Ambassador
or Consuls or Vice-Consuls of the United Kingdom.
(3) The declaration shall be in such form and shall contain such particulars as the
Registrar-General may require, being particulars to be entered in the register on the
information of such informant.
(4) Upon receipt of the declaration duly attested, the Registrar-General may send it,
together with his written authority for re-registration, to the Registrar of the district in which
the birth took place.
7. Where re-registration is authorised by the Registrar-General and no informant is
living, then, if the legitimated person is an infant, his guardian may attend personally at the
office of the Registrar and sign the notice of birth; and if the legitimated person is not an
infant the Registrar shall, if so directed in the written authority of the Registrar-General,
enter in the notice of birth the words "On the authority of the Registrar-General".
Re-registration where
no informant living
8. Any entry or a certified copy of an entry of a re-registered birth under the Act
shall not be evidence of such birth or legitimation unless such entry purports to be made
on the authority of the Registrar-General.
Entry not to be
evidence unless made
on authority of
Registrar-General
9. The Registrar shall forthwith make and deliver to the Registrar-General a
certified copy of the notice of birth.
Copies of entries to be
sent to
Registrar-General
10. The Registrar-General having the custody of the register in which the birth was
previously entered shall cause the previous entry of the birth to be marked in the margin
with the words "Re-registered under the Legitimacy Act on ..........................", and add the
date of re-registration.
Reference to
re-registration to be
made in previous entry
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11. Where application is made for a certified copy of the entry of the birth of a
person whose birth has been re-registered, the Registrar-General shall supply a certified
copy of the entry of re-registration; and no certified copy of the previous entry shall be
given except under the direction of the Registrar-General.
Certified copies of
entries of
re-registration
12. Where the necessary information for the purpose of re-registration is not
furnished to the Registrar-General within the time specified in paragraph 2 of the Schedule
to the Act, the following fees shall be charged:
(a) a fee of eight fee units payable to the Registrar re-registering the birth by
the informant or other person attending to sign the notice of birth or, in a
case of removal, making a declaration in substitution for such attendance;
(b) in the case of removal to some other part of the Republic a fee of four fee
units payable to the Registrar attesting a declaration by the informant or
some other person making the same.
(As amended by Act No. 13 of 1994)
Fees for re-registration
