Carriage of Goods by Sea Act


2008 Revised Edition

CAP. 48.04






CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT

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CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT

Arrangement of Sections
Section
1 Short Title .............................................................................................................. 5
2 Application of rules in Schedule............................................................................ 5
3 Absolute warranty of seaworthiness not to be implied .......................................... 5
4 Statement as to application of rules to be included in bills of lading .................... 5
5 Coasting trade ........................................................................................................ 6
6 Bulk cargoes .......................................................................................................... 6
7 Saving and operation ............................................................................................. 6


SCHEDULE 7

RULES RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING 7

ARTICLE I - DEFINITIONS 7

ARTICLE II - RISKS 7

ARTICLE III - RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES 7

ARTICLE IV - RIGHTS AND IMMUNITIES 9

ARTICLE V - SURRENDER OF RIGHTS AND IMMUNITIES AND
INCREASE OF RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES 11

ARTICLE VI - SPECIAL CONDITIONS 11

ARTICLE VII - LIMITATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE RULES 12

ARTICLE VIII - LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 12

ARTICLE IX 12

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Supporting Documents

ENDNOTES 13

Carriage of Goods by Sea Act CAP. 48.04 Section 1





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CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT

AN ACT TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE LAWS WITH RESPECT TO THE
CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA1

Commencement [31st March 1926]

1 Short Title
This Act may be cited as the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act.

2 Application of rules in Schedule
Subject to the provisions of this Act, the rules contained in the Schedule shall have
effect in relation to, and in connection with, the carriage of goods by sea in ships
carrying goods from any port in Tuvalu to any other port whether in or outside
Tuvalu.

3 Absolute warranty of seaworthiness not to be implied
There shall not be implied in any contract for the carriage of goods by sea to which
the rules apply any absolute undertaking by the carrier of the goods to provide a
seaworthy ship.

4 Statement as to application of rules to be included in bills of lading
Any bill of lading, or similar document of title, issued in Tuvalu which contains or is
evidence of any contract to which the rules apply shall contain an express statement
that it is to have effect subject to the provisions of the said rules as applied by this
Act.

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5 Coasting trade
Article VI of the rules shall, in relation to the carriage of goods by sea in ships
carrying goods from any port in Tuvalu to any other port in Tuvalu, have effect as
though the said Article referred to goods of any class instead of to particular goods
and as though the proviso to the second paragraph of the said Article were omitted.

6 Bulk cargoes
Where under the custom of any trade the weight of any bulk cargo inserted in the
bill of lading is a weight ascertained or accepted by a third party other than the
carrier or the shipper, and the fact that the weight is so ascertained or accepted is
stated in the bill of lading, then, notwithstanding anything in the rules, the bill of
lading shall not be deemed to be prima facie evidence against the carrier of the
receipt of goods of the weight so inserted in the bill of lading, and the accuracy
thereof at the time of shipment shall not be deemed to have been guaranteed by the
shipper.

7 Saving and operation
Nothing in this Act shall affect the operation of any written law for the time being in
force limiting the liability of the owners of sea-going vessels.



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SCHEDULE

(Section 2)

RULES RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING

ARTICLE I - DEFINITIONS

In these rules the following expressions have the meanings hereby assigned to them
respectively, that is to say —

“carrier” includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of
carriage with a shipper;

“contract of carriage” applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill
of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates
to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading, or any similar
document as aforesaid issued under, or pursuant to, a charter-party, from the
moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the
relations between a carrier and a holder of the same;

“goods” includes goods, wares, merchandises, and articles of every kind
whatsoever, except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is
stated as being carried on deck and is so carried;

“ship” means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea;

“carriage of goods” covers the period from the time when the goods are
loaded on to the time when they are discharged from the ship.

ARTICLE II - RISKS

Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by
sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care,
and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities,
and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.

ARTICLE III - RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES

1. The carrier shall be bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to
exercise due diligence to —
(a) make the ship seaworthy;
(b) properly man, equip, and supply the ship;

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(c) make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of
the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception,
carriage and preservation.

2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully
load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried.

3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier, or the master or agent of
the carrier, shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of
lading showing among other things —
(a) the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods as the same

are furnished in writing by the shipper before the loading of such goods
starts, provided such marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly
upon the goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which such
goods are contained, in such a manner as should ordinarily remain
legible until the end of the voyage;

(b) either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as
the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper;

(c) the apparent order and condition of the goods:

Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier, shall be bound to state
or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he
has reasonable grounds for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods
actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.

4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier
of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3 (a), (b) and
(c).

5. The shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy at
the time of shipment of the marks, number, quantity, and weight, as furnished
by him, and the shipper shall indemnify the carrier against all loss, damages,
and expenses arising or resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The
right of the carrier to such indemnity shall in no way limit his responsibility
and liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the
shipper.

6. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage
be given in writing to the carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or
at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled
to delivery thereof under the contract of carriage, or, if the loss or damage be
not apparent, within 3 days, such removal shall be prima facie evidence of the
delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading.

The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has at the time
of their receipt been the subject of joint survey or inspection.

In any event the carrier and the ship shall be discharged from all liability in
respect of loss or damage, unless suit is brought within one year after delivery
of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered.

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In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage, the carrier and the
receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and
tallying the goods.

7. After the goods are loaded, the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier,
master or agent of the carrier, to the shipper shall if the shipper so demands,
be a “shipped” bill of lading:

Provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any document of
title to such goods, he shall surrender the same as against the issue of the
“shipped” bill of lading, but at the option of the carrier such document of title
may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master, or agent with the
name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods have been shipped
and the date or dates of shipment, and when so noted the same shall for the
purpose of this Article be deemed to constitute a “shipped” bill of lading.

8. Any clause, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the
owner or the ship from liability for loss or damage to or in connection with
goods arising from negligence, fault or failure in the duties and obligations
provided in this Article, or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided
in these rules, shall be null and void and of no effect.

A benefit of insurance or similar clause shall be deemed to be a clause
relieving the carrier from liability.

ARTICLE IV - RIGHTS AND IMMUNITIES

1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or
resulting from unseaworthiness, unless caused by want of due diligence on the
part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy and to secure that the ship is
properly manned, equipped and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating
and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried,
fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with
the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article III.

Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of
proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person
claiming exemption under this section.

2 Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising
or resulting from —
(a) act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot, or the servants of

the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;
(b) fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;
(c) perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters;
(d) act of God;
(e) act of war;

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(f) act of public enemies;
(g) arrest or restraint of princes, rulers, or people, or seizure under legal

process;
(h) quarantine restrictions;
(i) act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or

representative;
(j) strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever

cause, whether partial or general;
(k) riots and civil commotions;
(l) saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;
(m) wasting in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from

inherent defect, quality, or vice of the goods;
(n) insufficiency of packing;
(o) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;
(p) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;
(q) any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier,

or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier,
but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of
this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the
carrier, nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier,
contributed to the loss or damage.

3. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the
carrier or the ship arising or resulting from any cause without the act, fault or
neglect of the shipper, his agents or his servants.

4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea, or any
reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of
these rules or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for
any loss or damage resulting therefrom.

5. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be, or become, liable for any
loss or damage to or in connection with goods in an amount exceeding $200
per package or unit, or the equivalent of that sum in other currency, unless the
nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before
shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.

This declaration if embodied in the bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence
but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.

By agreement between the carrier, master or agent of the carrier and the
shipper, another maximum amount than that mentioned in this paragraph may
be fixed, provided that such maximum shall not be less than the figure above
named.

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Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or
damage to or in connection with goods, if the nature or value thereof has been
knowingly misstated by the shipper in the bill of lading.

6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment
whereof the carrier, master or agent of the carrier, has not consented, with
knowledge of their nature and character, may at any time before discharge be
landed at any place or destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without
compensation, and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all damages
and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of or resulting from such
shipment.

If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and consent shall become a
danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place or
destroyed or rendered innocuous by the carrier without liability on the part of
the carrier except to general average, if any.

ARTICLE V - SURRENDER OF RIGHTS AND IMMUNITIES AND INCREASE OF
RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES

A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or in part, all or any of his
rights and immunities, or to increase any, of his responsibilities and liabilities
under the rules contained in any of these Articles, provided such surrender or
increase shall be embodied in the bill of lading issued to the shipper.

The provisions of these rules shall not be applicable to charter-parties, but if
bills of lading are issued in the case of a ship under a charter-party they shall
comply with the terms of these rules. Nothing in these rules shall be held to
prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding
general average

ARTICLE VI - SPECIAL CONDITIONS

Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Articles, a carrier, master or
agent of the carrier, and a shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at
liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and
liability, of the carrier for such goods, and as to the rights and immunities of
the carrier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to seaworthiness, so
far as this stipulation is not contrary to public policy or the care or diligence
of his servants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage,
custody, care, and discharge of the goods carried by sea, provided that in this
case, no bill of lading has been, or shall be, issued, and that the terms agreed
shall be embodied in a receipt which shall be a non-negotiable document and
shall be marked as such.

Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal effect:

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Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordinary commercial shipments
made in the ordinary course of trade, but only to other shipments where the
character or condition of the property to be carried or the circumstances, terms
and conditions under which the carriage is to be performed, are such as
reasonably to justify a special agreement.

ARTICLE VII - LIMITATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE RULES

Nothing herein contained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering
into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the
responsibility and liability of the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to,
or in connection with the custody and care and handling of goods prior to the
loading on and subsequent to the discharge from the ship on which the goods
are carried by sea.

ARTICLE VIII - LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

The provisions of these rules shall not affect the rights and obligations of the
carrier under any statute for the time being in force relating to the limitation
of the liability of owners of sea-going vessels.

ARTICLE IX

The monetary units mentioned in these rules are to be taken to be gold value.


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ENDNOTES


1 1990 Revised Edition, Cap. 87 – Acts 1 of 1926, 11 of 1987