Advanced Search

Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act, 2002


Published: 2002-11-11

Subscribe to a Global-Regulation Premium Membership Today!

Key Benefits:

Subscribe Now for only USD$40 per month.
Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 2002
TITLE 32 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 4 - MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
sRepublic of the Marshall Islands
Jepilpilin Ke Ejukaan
MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
ACT 2002
Arrangement of Sections
Section Page
PART I - PRELIMINARY 3
§401. Short title. .............................................................................................................................. 3
§402. Purpose. ................................................................................................................................. 3
§403. Application. ........................................................................................................................... 3
§404. Interpretations. ..................................................................................................................... 4
PART II- MUTUAL ASSISTANCE 6
§405. Authority of the RMI to make requests for mutual legal assistance. ............................ 6
§406. Mutual legal assistance requests by the RMI. .................................................................. 6
§407. Authority of the RMI to grant requests for mutual legal assistance. ............................ 7
§408. Contents of requests by foreign Countries for mutual legal Assistance. ..................... 7
§409. Considerations for grant of request for mutual legal assistance. .................................. 8
§410. Foreign requests for evidence gathering order or a search warrant. ............................ 9
§411. Foreign requests for consensual transfer of detained persons. .................................... 11
§412. Detention of persons transferred to the RMI. ................................................................. 12
§413. Safe conduct guarantee. ..................................................................................................... 13
§414. Foreign requests for RMI restraining orders. ................................................................. 14
§415. Requests for enforcement of foreign confiscation or restraining orders. ................... 14
§416. Foreign requests for the location of proceeds of crime. ................................................ 16
§417. Sharing confiscated property with foreign Countries. .................................................. 16
§418. Privilege for foreign documents. ...................................................................................... 17
PART III - MISCELLANEOUS 17
§418. Privilege for foreign documents. ..................................................................................... 17
§419. Restriction on use of evidence and materials obtained by mutual assistance. ......... 17
§420. Repeal and savings provision .......................................................................................... 18
§421. Regulations. ........................................................................................................................ 18
§422. Effective date. ..................................................................................................................... 18
TITLE 32 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 4 - MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
sRepublic of the Marshall Islands
Jepilpilin Ke Ejukaan
MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS
ACT 2002
AN ACT to regulate international cooperation in investigations and prosecutions of
serious offenses, and for related purposes.
Commencement: November 11, 2002
Source: P.L. 2002-67
Amended By: P.L. 2011-61
PART I - PRELIMINARY
§401. Short title.
This Chapter may be cited as the “Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
Act, 2002.” [P.L. 2002-67, §1.]
§402. Purpose.
The purpose of this Chapter is to enable the Republic of the Marshall Islands
to cooperate with foreign countries in criminal investigations and
proceedings. [P.L. 2002-67, §3.]
§403. Application.
This Chapter applies to the Republic of the Marshall Islands and to any
foreign State which may request assistance in criminal matters on a
reciprocal basis. [P.L. 2002-67, §4; P.L. 2011-61.]
§404. Interpretations.
Unless the subject or context otherwise requires, in this Chapter:
(a) “appeal” includes proceedings by way of discharging or
setting aside a judgment, and an application for a new trial or
for a stay of execution;
(b) “Attorney-General” means the Attorney-General of the RMI
and includes the Deputy Attorney General or Assistant
Attorney-General to whom the Attorney- General may
delegate authority to carry out specific duties and
responsibilities of the Attorney-General established by the Act.
(c) “data” means representations, in any form, of information or
concepts;
(d) “document” means any record of information and any
material on which data is recorded or marked and which is
capable of being read or understood by a person, computer
system or other device, and includes:
(i) anything on which there is writing;
(ii) anything on which there are marks, figures, symbols, or
perforations having meaning for persons qualified to
interpret them;
(iii) anything from which sounds, images or writings can be
produced, with or without the aid of anything else; or
(iv) a map, plan, drawing, photograph or similar thing;
(e) “foreign confiscation order” means an order, made by a court
in a foreign country, for the purposes of the:
(i) confiscation or forfeiture of property in connection
with; or
(ii) recovery of the proceeds of a serious offense;
(f) “foreign restraining order” means an order made in respect of
a serious offense by a court in a foreign country for the
purpose of restraining a particular person or all persons from
dealing with property;
(g) “foreign country” means:
(i) any country other than the Republic of the Marshall
Islands; and
(ii) every constituent part of such country, including a
territory, dependency or protectorate, or political
subdivision which administers its own laws relating to
international cooperation;
(h) “High Court” means the High Court of the RMI.
(i) “interest,” in relation to property, means a:
(i) legal or equitable estate or interest in the property; or
(ii) right, power or privilege in connection with the
property, whether present or future and whether vested
or contingent;
(j) “person” means any natural or legal person;
(k) “place” includes any land (whether vacant, enclosed or built
upon, or not), and any premises;
(l) “premises” includes the whole or any part of a structure,
building, aircraft, or vessel;
(m) “proceedings” means any procedure conducted by or under
the supervision of a judge, magistrate or judicial officer
however described in relation to any alleged or proven
offense, or property derived from such offense, and includes
an inquiry, investigation, or preliminary or final determination
of facts;
(n) “proceeds of crime” means fruits of a crime, or any property
derived or realized directly or indirectly from a serious offense
and includes, on a proportional basis, property into which any
property derived or realized directly from the offense was
later successively converted, transformed or intermingled, as
well as income, capital or other economic gains derived or
realized from such property at any time since the offense;
(o) “property” means real or personal property of every
description, whether situated in the RMI or elsewhere and
whether tangible or intangible, and includes an interest in any
such real or personal property;
(p) “RMI” means the Republic of the Marshall Islands;
(q) “serious offense” means an offense against a provision of:
(i) any law of the RMI, which is a criminal offense
punishable by imprisonment for a term of more than
one year;
(ii) a law of a foreign country, in relation to acts or
omissions, which had they occurred in the RMI, would
have constituted a criminal offense punishable by
imprisonment for a term of more than one year;
(2) A reference in this Chapter to the law of:
(a) the RMI; or
(b) any foreign country, includes a reference to a written or
unwritten law of, or in force in, any part of the RMI or that
foreign country, as the case may be. [P.L. 2002-67, §5.]
PART II- MUTUAL ASSISTANCE
§405. Authority of the RMI to make requests for mutual legal assistance.
A request for international assistance in a criminal matter that is authorized
to be made by the RMI shall be made by the Attorney General. [P.L. 2002-67, §6.]
§406. Mutual legal assistance requests by the RMI.
The Attorney-General may pursuant to the authorization granted under
section 406, request the appropriate authority of a foreign country to:
(1) have evidence taken, or documents or other articles produced in
evidence in the foreign country;
(2) obtain and execute search warrants or other lawful instruments
authorizing a search for things believed to be located in that foreign
country, which may be relevant to investigations or proceedings in
the RMI, and if found, seize them;
(3) locate or restrain any property believed to be the proceeds of crime
located in the foreign country;
(4) confiscate any property believed to be located in the foreign country,
which is the subject of a confiscation order made under any law in
place in the RMI for the purpose of preventing money laundering or
realizing proceeds of crime.
(5) transmit to the RMI any such confiscated property or any proceeds
realized therefrom, or any such evidence, documents, articles
or things;
(6) transfer in custody to the RMI a person detained in the foreign
country who consents to assist the RMI in the relevant investigation
or proceedings;
(7) provide any other form of assistance in any investigation commenced
or proceeding instituted in the RMI that involves or is likely to
involve the exercise of a coercive power over a person or property
believed to be in the foreign country; or
(8) permit the presence of nominated persons during the execution of
any request made under this Chapter . [P.L. 2002-67, §7.]
§407. Authority of the RMI to grant requests for mutual legal assistance.
(1) A request to the RMI by a foreign country for international assistance
shall be made in writing to the Attorney -General or a person
authorized by the Attorney-General to receive requests by
foreign countries.
(2) If a foreign country or administrative authority of a country makes a
request that is authorized by this Chapter, to any person or authority
in the RMI other than the Attorney –General:
(a) such person or authority in the RMI must refer the request to
the Attorney-General; and
(b) the request is then taken or the purposes of this Chapter to
have been made to the Attorney -General. [P.L. 2002-67, §8.]
§408. Contents of requests by foreign Countries for mutual legal
Assistance.
(1) A request for mutual assistance shall:
(a) state the name of the authority conducting the investigation or
proceeding to which the request relates;
(b) give a description of the nature of the criminal matter and a
statement setting out a summary of the relevant facts and laws
together with a copy of the laws being referenced;
(c) give a description of the purpose of the request and of the
nature of the assistance being sought;
(d) in the case of a request to restrain or forfeit assets believed on
reasonable grounds to be located in the foreign country, give
details of the offense in question, particulars of any
investigation or proceeding commenced in respect of the
offense, and be accompanied by a copy of any relevant
restraining or forfeiture order;
(e) give details of any procedure that the requesting country
wishes to be followed by the RMI in giving effect to the
request, particularly in the case of a request to take evidence;
(f) include a statement setting-out any wishes of the requesting
country concerning any confidentiality relating to the request
and the reasons for those wishes;
(g) give details of the period within which the requesting country
wishes the request to be complied with;
(h) where applicable, give details of the property to be traced,
restrained, seized or confiscated, and of the grounds for
believing that the property is believed to be in the RMI; and
(i) give any other information that may assist in giving effect to
the request.
(2) A request for mutual assistance from a foreign State may be granted,
if necessary after consultation, notwithstanding that the request, as
originally made, does not comply with subsection (1). [P.L. 2002-67, §9.]
§409. Considerations for grant of request for mutual legal assistance.
(1) The Attorney-General may, in respect of any request from a foreign
State for international assistance in any investigation commenced or
proceeding instituted in that State relating to a serious offense:
(a) grant the request, in whole or in part, on such terms and
conditions as the Attorney-General thinks fit;
(b) refuse the request, in whole or in part, on the ground that, in
the opinion of the Attorney-General, to grant the request
would be likely to prejudice the sovereignty, security or other
essential or public interest of the RMI or would result in
manifest unfairness or a denial of human rights, or it is
otherwise appropriate in all circumstances of the case, that the
assistance requested should not be granted, in whole or in
part; or
(c) after consulting with the competent authority of the foreign
State, postpone the request, in whole or in part, on the ground
that granting the request immediately would be likely to
prejudice the conduct of an investigation or proceeding in the
RMI. [P.L. 2002-67, §10.]
§410. Foreign requests for evidence gathering order or a search warrant.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, where the
Attorney-General grants a request by a foreign State to obtain
evidence in the RMI, an authorized person may apply to the High
Court for;
(a) a search warrant; or
(b) evidence-gathering order.
(2) The High Court, upon application made under subsection (1) of this
section, may issue an evidence gathering order or a search warrant
under this subsection, where it is satisfied that there is probable cause
to believe that:
(a) a serious offense has been or may have been committed
against the laws of the foreign State;
(b) evidence relating to that offense may:
(i) be found in a building, receptacle or place in the
RMI; or
(ii) Be able to be given a by a person believed to be in
the RMI;
(c) in the case of an application for a search warrant, it would not,
in all the circumstances, be more appropriate to grant an
evidence-gathering order.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2) (a), a statement contained in the
foreign request to the effect that a serious offense has been or may
have been committed against the law of the foreign State is prima
facie evidence of that fact.
(4) An evidence-gathering order:
(a) shall provide for the manner in which the evidence is to be
obtained in order to give proper effect to the foreign request,
unless such manner is prohibited under the law of the RMI,
and in particular, may require any person named therein to:
(i) make a record from data or make a copy of a record;
(ii) attend court to give evidence on oath or otherwise until
excused;
(iii) produce to the High Court or to any person designated
by the Court, any thing, including any document, or
copy thereof, or
(b) may include such terms and conditions, as the High Court
considers desirable, including those relating to the interests of
the person named therein or of third parties.
(5) A person named in an evidence-gathering order may refuse to
answer a question or to produce a document or thing where the
refusal is based on:
(a) a law currently in force in the RMI;
(b) a privilege recognized by a law in force in the foreign country
that made the request; or
(c) a law currently in force in the foreign country that would
render the answering of that question or the production of that
document or thing by that person in the person’s own
jurisdiction an offense.
(6) Where a person refuses to answer a question or to produce a
document or thing pursuant to subsection (5)(b) or(c), the High Court
shall report the matter to the Attorney-General who shall notify the
foreign country and request the foreign country to provide a written
statement on whether the person’s refusal was well-founded under
the law of the foreign country.
(7) Any written statement received by the Attorney-General from the
foreign country in response to a request under subsection (6) shall be
admissible in the evidence- gathering proceedings, and for the
purposes of this section be determinative of whether the persons
refusal is well-founded under foreign law.
(8) A person who, without reasonable excuse, refuses to comply with a
lawful order of the High Court made under this section, or who
having refused pursuant to subsection (5), continues to refuse
notwithstanding the admission into evidence of a statement under
subsection (7) to the effect that the refusal not well-founded, commits
a contempt of court and may be punished accordingly.
(9) A search warrant shall be in the usual form in which a search warrant
is issued in the RMI, varied to the extent necessary to suit the case.
(10) No document or thing seized and ordered to be sent to a foreign State
shall be sent until the Attorney-General is satisfied that the foreign
State has agreed to comply with any terms or conditions imposed in
respect of the sending abroad of the document or thing.
(11) The High Court shall be authorized to adopt, recognize and enforce
foreign court orders certified under seal, which orders shall be
presumed to be valid in the absence of any evidence to the contrary.[P.L. 2002-67, §11.]
§411. Foreign requests for consensual transfer of detained persons.
(1) Where the Attorney-General approves a request of a foreign State to
have a person, who is detained in custody in the RMI by virtue of a
sentence or order of a court, transferred to a foreign State to give
evidence or assist in investigation or proceeding in that State relating
to a serious offense, an authorized person may apply to the High
Court for a transfer order.
(2) The High Court upon application made under subsection (1) may
make a transfer order under this subsection where it is satisfied,
having considered any documents filed or information given in
support of the application, that the detained person consents to
the transfer.
(3) A transfer order made under subsection (2):
(a) shall set out the name of the detained person and the person’s
current place of confinement;
(b) shall order the person who has custody of the detained person
to deliver the detained person into the custody of a person
who is designated in the order or who is a member of the class
of persons so designated;
(c) shall order the person who is to take custody of the detained
person, to take the detained person to the foreign country and,
on return of the detained person to the RMI, to return that
person to a place of confinement in the RMI specified in the
order, or to such other place of confinement as the Attorney-
General may subsequently notify the foreign country;
(d) shall state the reasons for the transfer; and
(e) shall fix the period of time at or before The expiration of which
the detained person must be returned, unless varied for the
purposes of the request by the Attorney-General.
(4) The time spent in custody by a person pursuant to a transfer order
shall count toward any sentence required to be served by that person,
so long as the person remains in such custody and is of good
behavior. [P.L. 2002-67, §12.]
§412. Detention of persons transferred to the RMI.
(1) The Attorney-General may by written notice authorize:
(a) the temporary detention in the RMI of a person in detention in
a foreign country who is to be transferred from that State to
the RMI pursuant to a request under section 407(6), for such
period as may be specified in the notice; and
(b) the return of the person to the custody of the foreign country
when his or her presence is no longer required.
(2) A person in respect of whom a notice is issued under subsection (1)
shall so long as the notice is in force:
(a) be permitted to enter and remain in the RMI for the purposes
of the request, and be required to leave the RMI when no
longer required for those purposes, notwithstanding any RMI
law to the contrary; and
(b) while in custody in the RMI for the purposes of the request, be
deemed to be in lawful custody.
(3) The Attorney -General may at any time vary a notice issued under
subsection (1), and where the foreign country requests the release of
the person from custody, either immediately or on a specified date,
the Attorney-General shall direct that the person be released from
custody accordingly; provided, however, that the Attorney-General
may require the immediate departure of that person from the RMI if
such departure is determined to be in the best interest of the nation.
(4) Any person who escapes from lawful custody while in the RMI
pursuant to a request under section 407(6) may be arrested without
warrant by any authorized person and returned to the custody
authorized under subsection (1)(a) of this section.
(5) Where a foreign country has requested that a person be detained in
the RMI in the course of transit between the foreign country and a
third country and the Attorney-General grants the request, the
provisions of this section shall apply with necessary changes in
points of detail in relation to that person.
(6) No court in the RMI has jurisdiction to entertain any application by
or on behalf of any person in the RMI pursuant to a request under
section 407(6) relating to release from custody or continued presence
in the RMI after his or her presence is no longer required for the
purpose of the request. [P.L. 2002-67, §13.]
§413. Safe conduct guarantee.
(1) Where a person, whether or not a detained person, is in the RMI in
response to a request by the Attorney-General to a foreign country
under this Chapter for such person to give evidence in a proceeding
or to assist in an investigation, prosecution or related proceeding, the
person shall not, while in the RMI, be:
(a) detained, prosecuted or punished; or
(b) subjected to civil process, in respect of any act or omission that
occurred before the person’s departure from the foreign
country pursuant to the request.
Provided however that this section shall not preclude the person by
voluntary agreement and consent, from entering into a stipulated
settlement or resolution of any criminal charges pending in the RMI,
or of any civil or criminal matter.
(2) Subsection (1) ceases to apply to the person when the person leaves
the RMI, or has had the opportunity to leave, but remains in the RMI
for 10 days after the Attorney-General has notified the person that he
or she is no longer required for the purposes of the request.[P.L. 2002-67, §14.]
§414. Foreign requests for RMI restraining orders.
(1) Where a foreign country requests the Attorney-General to obtain the
issuance of a restraining order against property some or all of which
is believed to be located in the RMI; criminal proceedings have begun
in the foreign country in respect of a serious Offense; and there is
probable cause to believe that the property relating to the offense or
belonging to the defendant or the defendant’s co-conspirators is
located in the RMI, the Attorney -General may apply to the High
Court for a restraining order under subsection (2).
(2) Where the Attorney- General makes application to the High Court
under subsection (1), the Court may make a restraining order in
respect of the property, as requested by the Attorney-General, in
relation to the application and to any restraining order issued as a
result, as if the serious offense that is the subject of the order had
been committed in the RMI. [P.L. 2002-67, §15.]
§415. Requests for enforcement of foreign confiscation or restraining
orders.
(1) Where a foreign country requests the Attorney-General to make
arrangements for the enforcement of a.
(a) foreign restraining order; or
(b) foreign confiscation order, the Attorney-General may apply to
the High Court of the RMI for entry and enforcement of the
order under this Chapter or under any law in place in the RMI
for the purpose of preventing money laundering or realizing
proceeds of crime.
(2) The High Court shall, on application by the Attorney- General, enter
and enforce a foreign restraining order, if the Court is satisfied that at
the time of entry and registration, the order is in force in the
foreign country.
(3) The High Court shall, on application by the Attorney- General, enter
and enforce a foreign confiscation order, which is legally capable of
enforcement in the RMI if the Court is satisfied that:
(a) at the time of entry and enforcement, the order is in force in
the foreign country and is not subject to appeal, and
(b) where the person the subject of the order did not appear in the
confiscation proceedings in the foreign country, that:
(i) the person was given notice of the proceedings in
sufficient time to enable him or her to defend them; or
(ii) the person had absconded or had died before such
notice could be given, and if the person died, the
decedent’s estate was given fair notice of the
proceedings.
(4) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3), a statement contained in
the foreign request to the effect that:
(a) the foreign restraining order is in force in the foreign country;
(b) the foreign confiscation order is in force in the foreign country
and is not subject to appeal; or
(c) the person the subject of the foreign confiscation order was
given notice of the proceedings in sufficient time to enable him
or her to defend them or that the person had absconded or
died before such notice could be given and if the person died,
the decedent’s estate was given fair notice of the proceedings,
is prima facie evidence of those facts, without proof of the
signature or official character of the person appearing to have
signed the foreign request.
(5) Where a foreign restraining order or foreign confiscation order is
entered for enforcement in accordance with this section, a copy of any
amendments made to the order in the foreign country (whether
before or after entry and enforcement), may be entered and enforced
in the same way as the order, but shall not have effect for the
purposes of the Banking Amendment Act 2002, until they are so
entered and enforced.
(6) The High Court shall, on application by the Attorney-General rescind
entry of:
(a) a foreign restraining order, if it appears to the Court that the
order has ceased to have effect; or
(b) a foreign confiscation order, if it appears to the Court that the
order has been satisfied or has ceased to have effect.
(7) Subject to subsection (9), where the foreign restraining order or
foreign confiscation order comprises a facsimile copy of a duly
authenticated foreign order, or amendment made to such an order,
the facsimile shall be regarded for the purposes of this Chapter as the
same as the duly authenticated foreign order.
(8) Entry and registration effected by means of a facsimile ceases to have
effect at the end of the period of twenty-one (2l) days commencing on
the date of entry and registration, unless a duly authenticated
original of the order has been entered and registered by that time.
(9) Where a foreign restraining order or a foreign confiscation order has
been entered pursuant to this section, the order shall be deemed to
apply in relation to the order as if the serious offense that is the
subject of the order had been committed in the RMI, and the order
had been made pursuant to the laws of the RMI. [P.L. 2002-67, §16.]
§416. Foreign requests for the location of proceeds of crime.
Where a foreign country requests the Attorney-General to assist in locating
property believed to be the proceeds of a serious crime committed in that
country, the Attorney- General may authorize the making of any application
to the High Court, for the purpose of acquiring the information sought by
the foreign country. [P.L. 2002-67, §17.]
§417. Sharing confiscated property with foreign Countries.
The Attorney- General may enter into an arrangement with the competent
authorities of a foreign country, in respect of money laundering and
proceeds of crime, for the reciprocal sharing with that country of such part
of any property realized:
(a) in the foreign country, as a result of action taken by the
Attorney-General pursuant to section 407(4); or
(b) in the RMI, as a result of action taken in the RMI pursuant to
section 416 (1), as the Attorney-General thinks fit. [P.L. 2002-67, §18.]
§418. Privilege for foreign documents.
PART III - MISCELLANEOUS
§418. Privilege for foreign documents.
(1) Subject to subsection (2), a document sent to the Attorney-General by
a foreign country in accordance with an RMI request pursuant to this
Chapter is privileged and no person shall disclose to anyone the
document, or its purport, or the contents of the document or any part
thereof, before the document, in compliance with the conditions on
which it was so sent, is made public or disclosed in the course of and
for the purpose of any proceedings.
(2) No person in possession of a document referred to in subsection (1),
or a copy thereof, or who has knowledge of any information
contained in the document, shall be required, in connection with any
legal proceedings to produce the document or copy or to give
evidence relating to any information that is contained therein.
(3) Except to the extent required under this Chapter to execute a request
by a foreign country for mutual assistance in criminal matters, no
person shall disclose:
(a) the fact that the request has been received; or
(b) the contents of the request.
(4) Violation of subsection (3) is a felony offense, punishable by
imprisonment for a maximum of five years or a maximum fine of
$50,000, or both, provided, however, in the case of a corporation,
company, commercial enterprise, commercial entity or other legal
person, the maximum fine shall be increased to $250,000. [P.L. 2002-67, §19.]
§419. Restriction on use of evidence and materials obtained by mutual
assistance.
No information, document, article or other thing obtained from a foreign
country pursuant to a request made under this Chapter shall be used in any
investigation or proceeding other than the investigation or proceeding
disclosed in the request, unless the Attorney-General consents after
consulting with the foreign country. [P.L. 2002-67, §20.]
§420. Repeal and savings provision
(1) Nothing in this Chapter shall be taken to limit:
(a) the power of the RMI, to make requests to foreign countries or
act on requests from foreign countries for assistance in
investigations or proceedings in criminal matters;
(b) the power of the court, to make requests to foreign countries
for forms of international assistance other than those specified
in section 407; or
(c) the nature or extent of assistance in investigations or
proceedings in criminal matters which the RMI may lawfully
give to or receive from foreign countries.
(2) Subject to subsection (1), any existing Act, rules or regulations, or
provision of any Act, rules or regulations on international
cooperation, information sharing, criminal investigations and
proceedings in the RMI which contravene the provisions of this
Chapter, are hereby repealed and declared null and void to the extent
of its inconsistencies. [P.L. 2002-67, §21.]
§421. Regulations.
In accordance with the foregoing, the Minister of Justice may prescribe such
rules and regulations the Minister may deem necessary to provide
assistance in accordance with any multilateral or bilateral assistance treaty
to which the RMI is a party. [P.L. 2002-67, §22; amended by P.L. 2011-61.]
§422. Effective date.
This Chapter shall take effect on the date of certification in accordance with
Article IV, 20 section 21 of the Constitution.
[P.L. 2002-67, §2.][This section is moved to the end during codification for consistency and conformity to the
housing-style]