untitled FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 1
CHAPTER 496
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT To establish a right to information held by public authorities in order to promote added
transparency and accountability in government.
31st July, 2009*; 21st April, 2010†;
1st September, 2012‡. ACT XVI of 2008, as amended by Legal Notice 426 of 2012.
ARRANGEMENT OF ACT
*articles 2, 4, 5, 17, 21(1), (2), (6) and (7), 22, 46 and 47(1) - in force as from 31st July, 2009 - see article 1(2) of this Act, as originally promulgated, and Legal Notice 218 of 2009. †articles 41 and 42 - in force as from 21st April, 2010 - see article 1(2) of this Act, as originally promulgated, and Legal Notice 157 of 2010. ‡articles 3, 6 to 16, 18, 19, 20, 21(3) to (5), 23 to 40, 43 to 45, 47(2) and (3) and 48 - in force as from 1st September, 2012 - see article 1(2) of this Act, as originally promulgated, and Legal Notice 156 of 2012.
Articles Part I Preliminary and Declaration of Principles 1 - 5 Part II Submission and Handling of Requests for Information 6 - 16 Part III Access to Certain Documents 17 - 20 Part IV The Information and Data Protection Commissioner 21 - 28 Part V Conclusive Reasons for not disclosing Official Documents
under this Act 29 - 34 Part VI Other Reasons for Withholding Official Information 35 - 38 Part VII Further Provisions 39 - 48
2 CAP. 496.] FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
PART I PRELIMINARY AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES
Short title and commencement.
1. (1) The short title of this Act is Freedom of Information Act.
(2) This Act shall come into force on such a date as the Minister may by notice in the Gazette appoint, and different dates may be so appointed for different provisions or different purposes of this Act.
Interpretation. 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires: "applicant" means, in relation to a request for the disclosure of a
document in accordance with article 3, the person who made that request;
Cap. 440. "Commissioner" means the Information and Data Protection
Commissioner appointed in terms of art icle 36 of the Data Protection Act;
"decision notice" has the meaning given by article 23; "document" means any article that is held by a public authority
and on which information has been recorded in whatever form, including electronic data, images, scale models and other visual representations, and audio or video recordings, regardless of whether the information can be read, seen, heard or retrieved with or without the aid of any other article or device;
"eligible person" means a person who is resident in Malta and who has been so resident in Malta for a period of at least five years, and who is either a citizen of Malta or a citizen of any other member state of the European Union or a citizen of any other state the citizens of which have a right, in virtue of any treaty between such state and the European Union, to be treated in Malta in the same manner as citizens of member states of the European Union;
"enforcement notice" has the meaning given by article 25; Cap. 460. "European Union" has the meaning given by the European Union
Act; "exempt document" means a document which is not subject to
disclosure under this Act in accordance with Parts V and VI; "exempt matter" means matter the inclusion of which in a
document causes the document to be an exempt document; "information notice" has the meaning given by article 24; "Minister" means the Minister responsible for freedom of
information and data protection;
Cap. 497. "Principal Permanent Secretary" means the officer appointed in
terms of article 14 of the Public Administration Act; "public authority" means:
(a) the Government, including any ministry or department thereof;
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Cap. 497. (b) a Government agency established in terms of the
Public Administration Act or any other law; and (c) any body established under any law, or any partnership
or other body in which the Government of Malta, a Government agency or any such body as aforesaid has a controlling interest or over which it has effective control;
"relevant public authority" means a public authority other than those mentioned in article 5;
Cap. 440. "Tribunal" means the Information and Data Protection Appeals
Tribunal established under article 48 of the Data Protection Act. Right of access to official documents.
3. Any eligible person has a right of access to documents held by public authorit ies in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this Act.
Access to documents other than through this Act.
4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as preventing public authorities from publishing or granting access to documents (including exempt documents) otherwise than as required by this Act.
Application of this Act.
5. (1) Subject to subarticle (2), this Act shall not apply to documents that -
Cap. 363. (a) are held by a Local Council and are accordingly
subject to article 45 of the Local Councils Act; S.L. 549.39
Cap. 549.
(b) are subject to the Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment Regulations or to any other regulations made under the Environment Protection Act and providing for freedom of access to information;
Cap. 477. (c) have been transferred to the National Archives in
accordance with the National Archives Act; (d) are accessible to the public under any other law; (e) are available for purchase by the public in accordance
with arrangements made by a public authority; or (f) are held by a commercial partnership in which the
Government or another public authority has a controlling interest, in so far as the documents in question relate to the commercial activities of the commercial partnership.
(2) This Act shall apply to documents to which subarticle (1) refers only in so far as may be provided for by any law governing access to such documents.
(3) This Act shall not apply to documents in so far as such documents contain -
Cap. 440.(a) personal data subject to the Data Protection Act; or (b) information the disclosure of which is prohibited by
any other law: Provided that where it is possible to release a document
with such data or information deleted, this shall be done in
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accordance with article 13(1) and (2). (4) This Act shall not apply to documents held by:
(a) the Electoral Commission; (b) the Employment Commission; (c) the Public Service Commission; (d) the Office of the Attorney General; (e) the National Audit Office; (f) the Security Service; or (g) the Broadcasting Authority, in so far as such
documents relate to its functions under article 119(1) of the Constitution; or
(h) the Ombudsman.
PART II SUBMISSION AND HANDLING OF REQUESTS
FOR INFORMATION Manner in which requests for access shall be made. Amended by: L.N. 426 of 2012.
6. (1) An applicant’s request to a public authority in terms of article 3 shall -
(a) be delivered in writing, including by post or electronically, subject to paragraph (e), to an office of the public authority; and
(b) provide such information concerning the document as is reasonably necessary to enable a responsible officer of the public authority to identify it; and
(c) include a copy of the applicant’s legally valid identification document or residence permit, or make reference to a legally valid identification document or residence permit in such a way as may be specified by regulations issued under article 42(a);
(d) specify a postal address at which notices under this Act may, if necessary, be sent to the applicant; and
(e) be accompanied by any fee payable in accordance with article 9(3).
(2) No applicant shall be required to justify or give any reasons for a request under this Act, and any beliefs of public authorities as to what are the applicant’s reasons for seeking access shall not affect that request.
Public authority’s duty to assist applicants.
7. Where an eligible person - (a) wishes to make a request to a public authority; or (b) has made to a public authority a request that does not
comply with article 6, it is the duty of the public authority to take reasonable steps to assist the person to make the request in a manner that complies with article 6, and it shall do so at no charge.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 5
Transfer of requests.
8. Where a request in accordance with article 6 is made to a public authority, and the document to which the request relates is not held by the authority but is believed by the person dealing with the request to be held by another public authority, the public authority to which the request is made shall promptly, and in any case not later than ten working days after the day on which the request is received, transfer the request to the other public authority and inform the applicant accordingly.
Fees.9. (1) Subject to subarticle (2) and to any regulations issued under this Act, a public authority may charge a fee to an applicant for access to a document in accordance with this Act.
(2) Any fee set by a public authority shall not exceed the cost of making a document available to the applicant, whereas if regulations issued as aforesaid prescribe a range of standard fees, such fees shall not exceed the average cost of making documents available to applicants.
(3) Regulations issued as aforesaid may provide for the payment of a fee specifically for the processing of a request for access to documents, and for the payment of such a fee on presentation of the request.
(4) Where a public authority decides to charge an applicant a fee, it shall advise him accordingly and inform him that he has the right to complain to the Commissioner under article 23 if he feels that the fee is excessive:
Provided that if the fee is a standard fee established by regulations under this Act, the Commissioner may in response to such a complaint inquire only into whether the regulations have been correctly applied.
(5) A public authority may waive any fees payable in respect of a particular application if, in the opinion of the authority -
(a) the fee payable is so small as to be not worth collecting; or
(b) payment of the fee would cause financial hardship to the applicant, bearing in mind the applicant’s means and circumstances; or
(c) disclosure of the information requested is in the public interest.
(6) Where a public authority fails to meet the time limit set by article 10 or, if applicable, article 11, it shall not charge any fee for access to a document.
Decisions on and replies to requests.
10. Subject to this Act, the public authority to which a request is made in accordance with article 6 or is transferred in accordance with article 8 shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, and in any case not later than twenty working days after the day on which the request is received by the authority -
(a) decide whether the request is to be granted and, if it is to be granted, in what manner and for what charge (if any); and
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(b) inform the applicant accordingly in writing.
Extension of time limits.
11. (1) Where a request in accordance with article 6 is made or transferred to a public authority, the authority may extend the time limit set out in article 10 by up to forty working days in respect of the request if -
(a) the request is for a large number of documents or necessitates a search through a large number of documents, and meeting the original time limit would unreasonably interfere with the operations of the public authority; or
(b) consultations necessary to make a decision on the request are such that a proper response to the request cannot reasonably be made within the original time limit.
(2) Any extension under subarticle (1) shall be for a reasonable period of time having regard to the circumstances.
(3) The extension shall be effected by giving notice to the person who made the request within twenty working days after the day on which the request is received, and the notice shall -
(a) specify the period of the extension; (b) give the reasons for the extension; (c) state that the applicant has the right under article 23 to
make a complaint to the Commissioner about the extension; and
(d) contain such other information as is necessary.
Manner in which access may be granted.
12. (1) A public authority may grant an applicant access to a document in one or more of the following ways:
(a) by giving the applicant a reasonable opportunity to inspect the document; or
(b) by providing the applicant with a copy of the document; or
(c) in the case of a document that is a recording of sounds or visual images, by making arrangements for the applicant to hear or view those sounds or visual images; or
(d) in the case of a document by which words are recorded in a manner in which they are capable of being reproduced in the form of sound or in which words are contained in the form of shorthand writing or in codified form, by providing the applicant with a written transcript of the words recorded or contained in the document; or
(e) by giving an excerpt or summary of the contents. (2) Subject to article 13, the public authority shall make the
document available to the applicant in the way preferred by the applicant unless to do so would -
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 7
(a) impair efficient administration; or (b) be contrary to any legal duty of the public authority in
respect of the document; or (c) prejudice the interests protected by Part V and Part VI
and (in the case of the interests protected by Part VI) those interests are not outweighed by a contrary public interest.
(3) Where access is not granted in the way preferred by the applicant, the public authority shall give to the applicant the reason for not providing the information in that way and state that the applicant has the right under article 23 to make a complaint thereon to the Commissioner.
Deletion of exempt matter or irrelevant material.
13. (1) Where a request is made to a public authority for a document which is an exempt document, but -
(a) it is possible for the public authority to make a copy of the document with the deletion of the exempt matter; and
(b) it is reasonably practical for the public authority, having regard to the nature and extent of the work involved in deciding on and making those deletions and the resources available for that work, to make such a copy,
the public authority shall make such a copy available to the applicant.
(2) Where access is granted to a copy of a document in accordance with subarticle (1), the applicant shall be informed -
(a) that it is a copy; (b) of the grounds for the deletions; and (c) that the applicant has the right under article 23 to make
a complaint to the Commissioner about the deletions. (3) Where a document (not being an exempt document)
contains material that is irrelevant to the applicant’s request, the public authority may, if possible and reasonably practical and if the applicant agrees, make available to the applicant a copy of the document with the irrelevant material deleted; but a document may not be withheld on the grounds that it contains irrelevant material which cannot be deleted.
Reasons for refusal of requests.
14. A request made in accordance with article 6 may be refused only for one or more of the following reasons:
(a) that the document requested is excluded from the scope of this Act by virtue of article 5;
(b) that, by virtue of Part V or Part VI, there is good reason for withholding the document requested;
(c) that, by virtue of article 34, the public authority does not confirm or deny the existence or non-existence of the document requested;
8 CAP. 496.] FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
(d) that the document requested is publicly available or will be published within three months;
(e) that the document requested cannot be found, and this is certified in writing by the head of the public authority;
(f) that the resources required to - (i) identify, locate or collate a document or
documents; (ii) examine a document or consult any person or
body in relation to its possible disclosure; or (iii) make a copy, or an edited copy, of a document, would substantially and unreasonably divert the resources of the public authority from its other operations, and it has not proved possible for the applicant, with advice from the public authority, to redefine his request in such a manner as to make it more easily addressed by the authority;
(g) that the document requested is not held by the public authority and the person dealing with the request has no grounds for believing that the document is held by, or connected more closely with the functions of, another public authority; or
(h) that the request is frivolous or vexatious or that the information requested is trivial.
Reason for refusal to be given.
15. (1) Where a request made in accordance with this Act is refused, the public authority shall -
(a) subject to article 34, give the applicant the reasons for the refusal; and
(b) state that the applicant has the right, under article 23, to seek an investigation and review by the Commissioner of the refusal.
(2) A notice under this article is not required to contain any matter that is of such a nature that its inclusion in a document would cause that document to be an exempt document.
Decisions by pub- lic authorities under this Act. Cap. 249.
16. (1) A decision by a public authority in respect of a request under this Act shall, subject to article 6(c) of the Interpretation Act, be taken by -
Cap. 497.
(a) the head of the public authority or its governing board (as applicable), as identified in or established under the Public Administration Act or any other instrument to which the authority is subject; or
(b) an officer of the public authority, acting within the scope of the authority exercisable by him in accordance with arrangements approved by the head of the authority or by its governing board.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 9
Cap. 50.
(2) A decision to disclose or grant access to a document in accordance with this Act shall constitute authorised disclosure in terms of the Official Secrets Act.
PART III ACCESS TO CERTAIN DOCUMENTS
Publication of information by public authorities.
17. (1) Not later than one year after the coming into force of this article, every relevant public authority shall publish, in accordance with any instructions issued by the Commissioner:
(a) a description of its structure, functions and responsibilities;
(b) a general description of the categories of documents held by it;
(c) a description of all manuals and similar types of documents which contain policies, principles, rules or guidelines in accordance with which decisions or recommendations are made in respect of members of the public (including bodies corporate and employees of the public authority in their personal capacity); and
(d) a statement of the information that needs to be available to members of the public who wish to obtain access to official documents from the public authority, which statement shall include particulars of the officer or officers to whom requests for such access should be sent.
(2) The Minister may, by regulations issued in consultation with the Commissioner, require relevant public authorities to publish information additional to that listed in subarticle (1).
(3) Each public authority shall update the material published in accordance with subarticles (1) and (2) at least annually, or at more frequent intervals as may be established by regulations issued under subarticle (2).
(4) Publication on an internet website or another electronic medium that is publicly accessible at all reasonable times shall be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of this article, provided that the information published hereunder shall be made available in printed form to members of the public who so require it.
(5) Nothing in this article shall require the publication of information where there is good reason under this Act to withhold it.
Right of access to certain official information.
18. (1) Regulations may be issued under this Act to establish a right of access to information which is held by bodies or persons other than public authorities or the employees thereof, and which pertains to:
(a) services provided to the public by such bodies or persons on behalf of the Government or another public authority; or
(b) projects or initiatives which are undertaken by such
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bodies or persons but financed by the Government or another public authority.
(2) The giving of access to any information to which subarticle (1) applies shall be subject to the provisions of any regulations made under this Act.
Right of access to internal rules affecting decisions.
19. (1) Subject to Part V and Part VI, any eligible person has a right to and shall, on request made under this article, be given access to any document (including a manual) which is held by a public authority and which contains policies, principles, rules, or guidelines in accordance with which decisions or recommendations are made in respect of members of the public (including bodies corporate and employees of the public authority in their personal capacity).
(2) The provisions of Part II other than articles 12 and 13 shall apply mutatis mutandis to a request made under subarticle (1).
(3) Where, by virtue of Part V and Part VI, there is good reason for withholding parts of a document to which subarticle (1) relates, the public authority shall, unless it is impracticable to do so, either:
(a) make a copy of that document available with such deletions or alterations as are necessary; or
(b) provide another document stating the substance and effect of the document except as it relates to the information withheld.
(4) Where a document is made available in accordance with subarticle (3), the public authority shall -
(a) give to the applicant the reasons for withholding the information; and
(b) state that the applicant has the right, under article 23, to seek an investigation and review by the Commissioner of the withholding of the information.
Right of access by a person to reasons for decisions affecting that person.
20. (1) Subject to the provisions of Part V and Part VI, where a public authority makes a decision or recommendation in respect of any eligible person, including an eligible person acting on behalf of a body corporate, that person has the right to and shall, on request within six months from when the person learns of the decision or recommendation, be given a written statement of -
(a) the findings on material issues of fact; and (b) subject to subarticle (2), a reference to the information
on which the findings were based; and (c) the reasons for the decision or recommendation.
(2) A reference to the information on which any findings were based need not be given under subarticle (1)(b) if -
(a) the disclosure of the information or of information identifying the person who supplied it, being evaluative material, would breach an express or implied promise to the person who supplied the
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 11
information to the effect that the information, or his identity, or both would be held in confidence; or
(b) after consultation undertaken (where practicable) by or on behalf of the public authority with a natural person’s medical practitioner, the public authority is satisfied that the information relates to that person and the disclosure of the information (being information that relates to the physical or mental health of the person making the request under this article) would be likely to prejudice the physical or mental health of that person; or
(c) in the case of a natural person under the age of eighteen, the disclosure of the information would be contrary to that person’s interests; or
(d) the disclosure of the information (being information in respect of a person who has been convicted of an offence or is or has been detained in custody) would be likely to prejudice the safe custody or the rehabilitation of that person.
(3) For the purposes of subarticle (2)(a), the term "evaluative material" means an assessment or opinion compiled solely -
(a) for the purpose of determining the suitability, eligibility or qualifications of the person to whom the material relates for purposes relating to the award, continuation or cancellation of an appointment, a contract, an award, a scholarship, an honour or any other benefit; or
(b) for the purpose of determining whether to insure any person or property or to continue or renew such insurance.
(4) The provisions of Part II other than articles 12 and 13 shall apply mutatis mutandis to a request made under subarticle (1).
PART IV THE INFORMATION AND DATA PROTECTION
COMMISSIONER General functions of the Commissioner. Cap. 440.
21. (1) In addition to his duties under the Data Protection Act it shall be the duty of the Commissioner to promote the observance by relevant public authorities of -
(a) the requirements of this Act; and (b) the provisions of the code of practice issued under
article 41. (2) The Commissioner shall arrange for the dissemination in
such form and manner as he considers appropriate of such information as it may appear to him expedient to give to the public -
(a) about the operation of this Act, (b) about compliance with the law, and
12 CAP. 496.] FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
(c) about other matters within the scope of his functions under this Act,
and he may give advice to any person or authority as to any of those matters.
(3) Without prejudice to articles 22, 24 and 25, the Commissioner may, with the consent or at the request of any public authority, assess whether that authority is following good practice.
(4) The Commissioner may charge such sums as he may, with the consent of the Minister, determine for any of the services provided by the Commissioner under this article.
(5) Within three months following the end of each calendar year the Commissioner shall prepare and submit to the Minister an annual report on the workings of this Act during that year, and the Minister shall at the first available opportunity cause a copy of the report to be laid on the table of the House of Representatives; the report shall state:
(a) how many requests for information under this Act have been made to public authorities;
(b) how many of these requests have been accepted and rejected;
(c) the reasons for rejection; (d) the average time taken to reply to requests; (e) how many complaints have been made to the
Commissioner, the grounds for such complaints, and the outcome thereof;
(f) the number of appeals lodged with the Tribunal and how they have been determined; and
(g) the number of information, decision and enforcement notices issued by the Commissioner.
(6) Without prejudice to subarticle (4) and to articles 26, 39 and 40, in the exercise of his funct ions under this Act the Commissioner shall act independently and shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority.
(7) In this article "good practice", in relation to a public authority, means such practice in the discharge of its functions under this Act as appears to the Commissioner to be desirable, and includes (but is not limited to) compliance with the requirements of this Act and the provisions of the code of practice issued under article 41.
Recommendations as to good practice.
22. (1) If it appears to the Commissioner that the practice of a relevant public authority in relation to the exercise of its functions under this Act does not conform with that proposed in the code of practice issued under article 41, he may give to the authority a recommendat ion ( in this sect ion referred to as a "pract ice recommendation") specifying the steps which ought in his opinion to be taken for promoting such conformity.
(2) A practice recommendation must be given in writing and
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 13
must refer to the particular provisions of the code of practice with which, in the Commissioner ’s opinion, the public authority’s practice does not conform.
Application for decision by Commissioner.
23. (1) Any applicant may apply to the Commissioner for a decision whether, in any specified respect -
(a) a request for information made by the applicant to a public authority has been dealt with in accordance with the requirements of this Act; or
(b) a public authority is in compliance with the requirements set out in Part III.
(2) On receiving an application under this article, the Commissioner shall make a decision unless it appears to him -
(a) that the applicant has not exhausted any complaints procedure which may be provided by the public authority in conformity with the code of practice issued under article 41: Provided that the Commissioner may decide on the application if in his opinion the complaints procedure provided by the public authority has not been, or is unlikely to be, concluded within a reasonable period;
(b) that there has been undue delay in making the application;
(c) that the application is frivolous or vexatious; or (d) that the application has been withdrawn or abandoned.
(3) Where the Commissioner has received an application under this article, he shall either -
(a) notify the applicant that he has not made any decision under this article as a result of the application and of his grounds for not doing so; or
(b) serve notice of his decision (in this Act referred to as a "decision notice") on the applicant and the public authority.
(4) Where the Commissioner decides that a public authority - (a) has failed to provide access to a document, or to
confirm or deny the existence of a document, in a case where it is required to do so under this Act; or
(b) has failed to comply with any of the other requirements of Part II in its handling of the applicant’s request for a document; or
(c) has failed to comply with any of the requirements of Part III,
the decision notice shall specify the steps which must be taken by the authority for complying with that requirement and the period within which they must be taken.
(5) A decision notice shall contain particulars of the right of appeal conferred by article 39.
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(6) Where a decision notice requires steps to be taken by the public authority within a specified period, the time specified in the notice shall not expire before the end of the period within which an appeal can be brought against the notice and, if such an appeal is brought, no step which is affected by the appeal need be taken pending the determination or withdrawal of the appeal.
(7) This article shall have effect subject to article 26.
Information notices.
24. (1) If the Commissioner has received an application under article 23, or reasonably requires any information -
(a) for the purpose of determining whether a public authority has complied or is complying with any of the requirements of this Act; or
(b) for the purpose of determining whether the practice of a public authority in relation to the exercise of its functions under this Act conforms with that set out in the code of practice established under article 41,
he may serve the authority with a notice (in this Act referred to as an "information notice") requiring it , within such time as is specified in the notice, to furnish the Commissioner, in such a manner as may be so specified, with such information as is so specified relating to the application or to the purposes to which paragraphs (a) and (b) refer.
(2) An information notice shall specify the purpose for which the Commissioner requires the information and, where it refers to information recorded in a document, shall include such details as is reasonably necessary to enable a responsible officer of the public authority to identify that document.
(3) An information notice shall also contain particulars of the right of appeal conferred by article 39.
(4) The time period specified in an information notice shall not expire before the end of the period within which an appeal can be brought against the notice and, if such an appeal is brought, the information required by the notice need not be furnished pending the determination or withdrawal of the appeal.
(5) A public authority shall not be required by virtue of this article to make available to the Commissioner any information in respect of:
(a) any communication between a professional legal adviser and his client in connection with the giving of legal advice to the client with respect to his obligations, liabilities or rights under this Act; or
(b) any communication between a professional legal adviser and his client, or between such an adviser or his client and any other person, made in connection with or in contemplation of proceedings under or arising out of this Act (including proceedings before the Tribunal) and for the purposes of such proceedings.
(6) In subarticle (5) references to the client of a professional
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 15
legal adviser include references to any person representing such a client.
(7) The Commissioner may cancel an information notice by written notice to the public authority on which it was served.
(8) In this article "information" includes unrecorded information.
Enforcement notices.
25. (1) If the Commissioner is satisfied that a public authority has failed to comply with any of its obligations under this Act, the Commissioner may serve the authority with a notice (in this Act referred to as "an enforcement notice") requiring the authority to take, within such a time as may be specified in the notice, such steps as may be so specified for complying with those obligations.
(2) An enforcement notice shall contain - (a) a statement of the requirement or requirements of this
Act with which the public authority has, in the Commissioner’s satisfied opinion, failed to comply, and his reasons for reaching that conclusion; and
(b) particulars of the right of appeal conferred by article 39.
(3) An enforcement notice shall not require any of the provisions of the notice to be complied with before the end of the period within which an appeal can be brought against the notice and, if such an appeal is brought, the notice need not be complied with pending the determination or withdrawal of the appeal.
(4) The Commissioner may cancel an enforcement notice by written notice to the public authority on which it was served.
(5) This article shall have effect subject to article 26.
Exception from duty to comply with decision notice or enforcement notice.
26. (1) A decision or enforcement notice issued by the Commissioner in respect of the disclosure of a document shall not have effect if the Prime Minister certifies to the Commissioner that, in his opinion, the document is an exempt document in terms of any of the provisions of Part V.
(2) A certificate under this article shall contain a statement by the Prime Minister of the reasons for his opinion, except in so far as this would involve the disclosure of matter that is exempt matter in terms of the provisions of Part V.
(3) Where the Prime Minister issues a certificate under this article, he shall as soon as practicable thereafter lay a copy of it before the House of Representatives.
(4) Where the Commissioner receives a certificate under this article in respect of a decision notice, he shall inform the applicant accordingly.
Failure to comply with notice.
27. (1) Where a public authority or an officer of such an authority refuses or, without a good reason, fails to comply with -
(a) so much of a decision notice as requires steps to be taken;
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(b) an information notice; or (c) an enforcement notice,
Cap. 440. this shall be regarded as an offence in terms of article 41(2) of the Data Protection Act, and the Commissioner may also levy an administrative fine against the defaulting authority or officer thereof as provided for by article 42(3) of the Data Protection Act.
Cap. 440.
(2) Where a public authority fails to comply with an information notice, or where the Commissioner believes that an offence in terms of article 43 is being or is about to be committed, the Commissioner may act to secure compliance with the notice or to prevent the offence from being committed using the powers of entry and search vested in the Commissioner under article 41(5) of the Data Protection Act, which shall be applicable for this purpose.
(3) For the purposes of this article, a public authority which, in purported compliance with an information notice -
(a) makes a statement which it knows to be false in a material respect; or
(b) recklessly makes a statement which is false in a material respect,
shall be taken to have failed to comply with the notice. No civil action against a public authority.
28. (1) This Act does not confer any right of action in civil proceedings in respect of any failure to comply with any duty imposed by or under this Act.
(2) Subarticle (1) shall not affect the powers of the Commissioner under article 27.
PART V CONCLUSIVE REASONS FOR NOT DISCLOSING OFFICIAL
DOCUMENTS UNDER THIS ACT Documents affecting national security, defence or international relations, and Cabinet documents.
29. (1) A document is an exempt document if its disclosure under this Act:
(a) would, or could reasonably be expected to, cause damage to the security, the defence, or the international relations of Malta; or
(b) would divulge any information or matter communicated in confidence by or on behalf of a foreign government, an authority of a foreign government, or an international organisation to the Government of Malta or to another public authority, or by the Government of Malta or another public authority to a foreign government, an authority thereof, or an international organisation.
(2) Subject to subarticle (3), a document is an exempt document if it is:
(a) a document that has been submitted to the Cabinet for its consideration or is proposed by a Minister to be so submitted, being a document that was brought into
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 17
existence for the purpose of submission to the Cabinet; (b) an official record of the Cabinet; (c) a document that is a copy of all or part of, or contains
an extract from, a document referred to in paragraph (a) or (b); or
(d) a document the disclosure of which would involve the disclosure of any deliberation or decision of the Cabinet, other than a document by which a decision of the Cabinet was published:
Provided that each year, the Prime Minister may direct that certain Cabinet documents, being documents selected from among those that are thir ty years old or more, shal l be subject to disclosure, whereupon this subarticle shall not apply to such documents.
(3) Subarticle (2) shall not apply to a document if, and in so far as, it contains factual information relating to a decision of the Cabinet that has been published.
(4) In subarticles (2) and (3) "Cabinet" includes Cabinet Committees.
Documents affecting the enforcement of the law and the protection of public safety.
30. (1) A document is an exempt document if its disclosure under this Act would, or could reasonably be expected to:
(a) prejudice the conduct of an investigation of a breach, or possible breach, of the law, or a failure, or possible failure, to comply with a law relating to taxation or prejudice the enforcement or proper administration of the law in a particular instance;
(b) disclose, or enable a person to ascertain, the existence or identity of a confidential source of information, or the non-existence of a confidential source of information, in relation to the enforcement or administration of the law; or
(c) endanger the life or physical safety of any person. (2) A document is an exempt document if its disclosure under
this Act would, or could reasonably be expected to:
Cap. 273.
(a) prejudice the fair trial of a person or the impartial adjudication of a particular case by any court, tribunal, disciplinary board, arbitration panel or similar body, or prejudice an inquiry conducted under the Inquiries Act;
(b) prejudice the effectiveness of lawful methods or procedures for preventing, detecting, investigating, or dealing with matters arising out of breaches or evasions of the law through the disclosure thereof; or
(c) prejudice the maintenance or enforcement of lawful methods for the protection of public safety.
(3) For the purposes of subarticle (1)(b), a person shall be taken to be a confidential source of information in relation to the
18 CAP. 496.] FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
enforcement or administration of the law if the person is receiving, or has received, protection by the Police or other public authorities as:
(a) a witness; or (b) a person who, because of his relationship to or
association with a witness, needs or may need such protection; or
(c) any other person who, for any reason, needs or may need such protection.
Documents subject to legal professional privilege or containing material obtained in confidence.
31. (1) A document is an exempt document if it is of such a nature that i t would be privileged from production in legal proceedings on the ground of legal professional privilege.
(2) A document is an exempt document if its disclosure under this Act would found an action by a person (other than a public authority) for breach of confidence.
(3) Subarticle (2) shall not apply to internal working documents prepared by a member, officer or employee of the Government or any other public authority in the course of his dut ies un less the d isc losure would cons t i tu te a breach of confidence owed to a person or body other than a member, officer or employee of the Government or any other public authority as aforesaid.
Documents relating to business affairs, the economy and research.
32. (1) A document is an exempt document if its disclosure under this Act would disclose:
(a) trade secrets; (b) any other information having a commercial value that
would be, or could reasonably be expected to be, destroyed or diminished if the information were disclosed; or
(c) information (other than trade secrets or information to which paragraph (b) applies) concerning a person in respect of his business or professional affairs or concerning the business, commercial or financial affairs of an organisation or undertaking, being information:
(i) the disclosure of which would, or could reasonably be expected to, unreasonably affect that person adversely in respect of his lawful business or professional affairs or that organisation or undertaking in respect of its lawful business, commercial or financial affairs; or
(ii) the disclosure of which under this Act could reasonably be expected to prejudice the future supply of information to the Government or to another public authority for the purpose of the administration of a law or the administration of matters administered by the authority.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 19
(2) Subarticle (1) shall not apply to a request for access to a document by reason only that the document contains information about:
(a) the applicant’s own business or professional affairs; (b) the business, commercial or financial affairs of an
undertaking where the applicant is the proprietor of the undertaking or is acting on behalf of the proprietor; or
(c) the business, commercial or financial affairs of an organisation where the applicant is acting on its behalf.
(3) Subarticle (1)(c) shall not apply to information solely concerning a person’s status as a member of a profession.
(4) A document is an exempt document if its disclosure under this Act would be contrary to the public interest by reason that it:
(a) would, or could reasonably be expected to, have a substantial adverse effect on the ability of the Government to manage the Maltese economy; or
(b) could reasonably be expected to result in an undue disturbance of the ordinary course of business in the community, or an undue benefit or detriment to any person or community, or an undue benefit or detriment to any person or class of persons, by reason of giving premature knowledge of or concerning proposed or possible action or inaction of the Government or Parliament.
(5) The kinds of documents to which subarticle (4) may apply include, but are not limited to, documents containing matter relating to:
(a) currency or exchange rates; (b) interest rates; (c) taxes, including duties of customs or of excise; (d) the regulation or supervision of banking, insurance
and other financial institutions; (e) the stability of the financial system; (f) proposals for expenditure; (g) foreign investment in Malta; or (h) borrowings by the Government or other public
authorities. (6) A document is an exempt document if it is in the possession
of a member of the academic staff of the University of Malta and contains information relating to research that has been or is being undertaken by such a member, unless the research has been commissioned by a public authority.
(7) A document is an exempt document if: (a) it contains information relating to scientific or
20 CAP. 496.] FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
academic research that is being, or is to be, undertaken by a member of staff of a public authority, other than research to which subarticle (6) applies; and
(b) disclosure of the information before the completion of the research would be likely unreasonably to expose the public authority or the member of staff to disadvantage.
(8) Subarticle (7) shall not apply to a document that, in so far as it contains information relating to research, only contains information relating to research that has been completed.
(9) A document is an exempt document if it contains information relating to research on security and defence matters which has been undertaken or commissioned by, or with the involvement of, a public authority.
Documents the disclosure of which would be contempt of Parliament or of Court.
33. A document is an exempt document if public disclosure of the document would, apart from this Act and any immunity of the Government:
(a) be in contempt of court;
Cap. 273. (b) be contrary to an order made or direction given by any
Board to which the Inquiries Act applies, or by any tribunal or other person having power to take evidence on oath; or
(c) infringe the privileges of Parliament.
Information concerning existence of certain documents.
34. Where - (a) a request under this Act relates to a document to which
the provisions of this Part apply, or would apply if such a document existed; and
(b) the existence or non-existence of the document would in its own right, if it were stated in a document, be subject to non-disclosure in terms of any of the said provisions,
the public authority dealing with the request may give notice in writing to the applicant that it neither confirms nor denies the existence or non-existence of that document.
PART VI OTHER REASONS FOR WITHHOLDING
OFFICIAL INFORMATION Application of this Part.
35. (1) This Part shall apply subject to the provisions of Part V.
(2) A document may be withheld in accordance with the provisions of this Part only if it contains matter in relation to which the public interest that is served by non-disclosure outweighs the public interest in disclosure.
Internal working documents.
36. (1) Subject to article 35 and to subarticles (2) and (3) hereof, a document is an exempt document if its disclosure under
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 21
this Act would disclose matter in the nature of, or relating to, opinions, advice or recommendations obtained, prepared or recorded, or consultation or deliberation that has taken place, in the course of, or for the purposes of, the deliberative processes involved in the functions of the Government or another public authority.
(2) Subarticle (1) shall not apply to a document by reason only of purely factual information contained in the document.
(3) Subarticle (1) shall not apply to: (a) reports (including reports concerning the results of
studies, surveys or tests) of scientific or technical experts, whether employed by a public authority or not, including reports expressing the opinions of such experts on scientific or technical matters; or
(b) the record of, or a final statement of the reasons for, a final decision given in the exercise of a power or of an adjudicative function.
(4) In subarticle (3) the term "scientific or technical expert" shal l be construed as excluding senior managers in publ ic authorities.
Documents affecting financial or property interests of public authorities.
37. Subject to article 35, a document is an exempt document if its disclosure under this Act would have a substantial adverse effect on the financial or property interests of the Government or of another public authority.
Documents concerning certain operations of public authorities.
38. Subject to article 35, a document is an exempt document if i ts disclosure under this Act would, or could reasonably be expected to:
(a) prejudice the effectiveness of procedures or methods for the conduct of tests, examinations or audits by a public authority;
(b) prejudice the attainment of the objects of particular tests, examinations or audits conducted or to be conducted by a public authority;
(c) have a substantial adverse effect on the proper and efficient conduct of the operations of a public authority; or
(d) have a substantial adverse effect on the conduct of negotiations (including commercial and industrial negotiations) by or on behalf of the Government or another public authority.
PART VII FURTHER PROVISIONS
Appeals against notices served by the Commissioner.
39. (1) Where a decision notice has been served, the applicant or the public authority may appeal to the Tribunal against the notice within twenty working days.
(2) A public authority on which an information notice or an
22 CAP. 496.] FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
enforcement notice has been served by the Commissioner may appeal to the Tribunal against the notice.
(3) If, on an appeal under this article, the Tribunal considers - (a) that the notice against which the appeal is brought is
not in accordance with the law; or (b) to the extent that the notice involved an exercise of
discretion by the Commissioner, that he ought to have exercised his discretion differently,
the Tribunal shall allow the appeal or substitute such other notice as could have been served by the Commissioner; and in any other case the Tribunal shall dismiss the appeal.
(4) Where the Tribunal substitutes a notice as aforesaid, the Commissioner shal l take act ion under ar t ic le 27 to secure compliance as if that notice had been issued by the Commissioner.
Cap. 440. (5) In hearing appeals under this article the Tribunal shall
remain subject to the following provisions of the Data Protection Act:
(a) article 49(3); and (b) article 50(2), (3) and (4).
Appeals from decisions of the Tribunal. Cap. 440.
40. Decisions of the Tribunal under this Act shall be subject to appeal to the Court of Appeal as provided for by article 51 of the Data Protection Act.
Code of practice. 41. (1) The Minister shall issue a code of practice providing guidance to public authorities as to the practice which it would, in his opinion, be desirable for them to follow in connection with the discharge of public authorities’ functions under Part II and Part III.
(2) The code of practice shall, in particular, include provisions relating to:
(a) the provision of advice and assistance by public authorities to persons who propose to make, or have made, requests for information to them;
(b) the transfer of requests by one public authority to another public authority which holds, or may hold, the documents requested;
(c) consultation with persons to whom the information requested relates or persons whose interests are likely to be affected by the disclosure of information;
(d) the inclusion in contracts entered into by public authorities of terms relating to the disclosure of information;
(e) the provision by public authorities of rapid procedures for dealing with complaints about the handling by them of requests for information; and
(f) the keeping of documents and records by public authorities in such a manner as to facilitate the identification and retrieval of documents for the
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION [CAP. 496. 23
purposes of this Act. (3) The code may make different provision for different public
authorities. (4) Before issuing or revising any code under this article, the
Minister shal l consult the Commissioner and the Principal Permanent Secretary.
Regulations.42. The Minister may, following consultation with the Commissioner, make regulations for any or all of the following purposes:
(a) to prescribe application forms (manual or electronic) and other documents required for the purposes of this Act, or authorising any person to prescribe or approve such forms or documents: Provided that forms cannot place requirements on applicants additional to those set out by this Act, and that an application meeting all such requirements shall still be considered if it is made otherwise than using the prescribed form;
(b) to establish the procedure for the service of notices and documents by public authorities under this Act;
(c) to prescribe reasonable charges or scales of reasonable charges for the purposes of this Act; and
(d) to provide for such matters as are contemplated by or necessary for giving full effect to this Act and for its due administration.
Damage, etc., of documents to constitute an offence. Cap. 9.
43. Article 144 of the Criminal Code shall apply to any person who embezzles, destroys, mutilates or purloins a document with the intention of preventing the disclosure of information to an applicant under this Act.